风险条件下的社会偏好和社会合作

在公共品博弈实验下,对风险条件下的社会偏好在社会合作中的作用进行分析,研究发现,代表社会合作的公共品自愿供给行为显著存在,并且这种行为主要受到社会偏好的影响。具体来说,首先,在社会偏好中,个体的同时公共品供给行为主要受到互惠偏好的影响,其次,个体的风险偏好对其同时公共品供给行为也具有显著的影响,风险偏好的作用并没有被社会偏好作用所体现的个体决策的这种社会影响所挤出,并且同时公共品供给行为中互惠偏好的作用要强于风险偏好。

Supply chain coordination with participators' risk bias under buy-back contract

Considering participators' risk bias,which is measured by the method of value at risk,the risk constraints in a two-echelon supply chain coordination under buy-back contract is equal to giving the order of an upper bound.With a risk-averse dominant enterprise(M)and a risk-neutral non-dominant one(R),the coordination which optimizes the supply chain under the risk constraints is achieved by a penalty mechanism L to reduce R's order.With risk-neutral M and risk-averse R,M can motivate R to increase his order by providing a risk subsidy K,and two cases are discussed.If the risk constraints of R cannot satisfy M's participation constraint to offer K,M will prefer to accept R's order to obtain a sub-optimization solution of the supply chain.Or else,with M's K,R's optimal order just coordinates the supply chain,which is equal to the case without risk bias,and in this situation R's risk bias only affects the profit distribution between the participators.

Study on the Price Design and Contract Stability of "Company + Farmer" Model with Time Preference under Double Moral Hazards

The double moral hazard of ＂company ＋ farmer＂ and the time preference cost of company and farmer was analyzed. According to static game model, it re-vealed that the reason for low compliance rate of ＂company ＋ farmer＂ model was the existence of market risk, namely, the fluctuation of market price, and the stable market price in contracts was actualy a kind of interval, instead of a specific value. Furthermore, the effect of default penalty, market transaction cost and time prefer-ence cost on the stability of contract was studied. The results showed that default penalty, market transaction cost and time preference cost had positive influence on the price interval range of a contract.

Econometric Analysis of Risk Preference Patterns among Smallholder Organic Producers in South Africa

The article assesses the determinants of farmers＇ decisions to participate in organic farming, eliciting farmers risk preferences and empirically analysing farmer＇s sources of risk and risk management strategies. The ordered probit results indicate that older farmers, who are less risk averse and reside in the sub-ward Ogagwini, Ezigani and Hwayi were more likely to be certified organic. Similarly, the propensity to adopt organic farming is positively correlated to household size, livestock ownership, asset base and tenure security. At higher pay-offs, farmers were intermediate to moderately risk-averse, with little variation according to personal characteristics. In general, price, production and financial risks were perceived as important sources of risk. Seven principal components, explaining 66.13% of the variation were extracted. Socio-economic factors having a significant effect on the various sources of risk were age, gender, education, location, information access and risk taking ability. The dimensions of risk strategies were named as diversification, precautionary savings and social networks. Results provide practical insights for policy changes relevant in motivating the adoption of organic practices, increasing smallholder farmers＇ capacity to manage risk and driving growth in the organic food market.

Noncompliance Opportunities and Tax Compliance Behavior in Nigeria： The Moderating Effect of Taxpayers＇ Financial Condition and Risk Preference

In Nigeria, like some other developing countries, income tax administration is characterized by noncompliance problem and this has been hindering tax revenue performance. Although a number of factors may be responsible for such phenomenon, the literature has suggested that the relationship between tax compliance behavior and its determinants may be moderated by other factors. In order to account for situational and environmental peculiarity of Nigeria, this study extends tax compliance model to incorporate moderating effects of taxpayers＇ financial condition and risk preference. However, the study investigates the moderating effects of financial condition and risk preference on the relationship between noncompliance opportunity and tax compliance behavior. The study was conducted through a survey of individual taxpayers＇ opinions and the data collected were statistically treated using multiple regression technique. The study reveals among others that the effects of financial condition and risk preference significantly moderated the influences of taxpayers＇ source of income and occupation on tax compliance behavior. These findings pose some theoretical and policy implications.

Selection method of risk response schemes for mining project based on fuzzy preference relations

To overcome the subjectivity of experts in the process of risk response scheme selection, according to the theory of group decision making, a selection method and flow of the risk response schemes for a mining project was proposed based on fuzzy preference relation and consistency induced ordered weighted averaging (C-IOWA) operator,which can overcome the loss of information in the process of group decision making to a great degree, and improve its efficiency and quality.A numeric example was introduced to illustrate the application of the method, also validating the method as scientific and practicable.