“随即”“随后”的共时比较与历时推导

“随即”“随后”作为现代汉语中的一组近义词,二者在句法功能、语义特点、语用功能三个平面都表现出差异,通过对“随即”“随后”词汇化历程的分析发现二者在现代汉语中存在的不同主要源于其词汇化路径、词汇化等级、词汇化机制动因的不同,共时差异可以在历时层面找寻根源,得到推导。

Modelling of vehicle interaction behavior during discretionary lane-changing preparation process on freeway

In order to increase the accuracy of microscopic traffic flow simulation,two acceleration models are presented to simulate car-following behaviors of the lane-changing vehicle and following putative vehicle during the discretionary lanechanging preparation( DLCP) process, respectively. The proposed acceleration models can reflect vehicle interaction characteristics. Samples used for describing the starting point and the ending point of DLCP are extracted from a real NGSIM vehicle trajectory data set. The acceleration model for a lanechanging vehicle is supposed to be a linear acceleration model.The acceleration model for the following putative vehicle is constructed by referring to the optimal velocity model,in which optimal velocity is defined as a linear function of the velocity of putative leading vehicle. Similar calibration,a hypothesis test and parameter sensitivity analysis were conducted on the acceleration model of the lane-changing vehicle and following putative vehicle,respectively. The validation results of the two proposed models suggest that the training and testing errors are acceptable compared with similar works on calibrations for car following models. The parameter sensitivity analysis shows that the subtle observed error does not lead to severe variations of car-following behaviors of the lane-changing vehicle and following putative vehicle.

Efficacy of perioperative parecoxib injection on postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy:A prospective,randomized study

AIM:To determine the efficacy of perioperative parecoxib injection on postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 70 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, from January 2006 to December 2007. Patients were randomized to receive either 20 mg parecoxib infusion 30 min before induction of anesthesia and at 12 h after the first dose (treatment group), or normal saline infusion, in the same schedule, as a placebo (control group). The degree of the postoperative pain was assessed every 3 h in the first 24 h after surgery, and then every 12 h the following day, using a visual analog scale. The consumption of analgesics was also recorded.RESULTS:There were 40 patients in the treatment group, and 30 patients in the control group. The pain scores at each time point, and analgesic consumption did not differ between the two groups. However,there were fewer patients in the treatment group than placebo group who required opioid infusion within the first 24 h (60% vs 37%, P=0.053).CONCLUSION: Perioperative administration of parecoxib provided no significant effect on postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, preoperative infusion 20 mg parecoxib could significantly reduce the postoperative opioid consumption.

Com parison betw een Two Techniques Used in Im m ediatePostplacentalInsertion of TCu 380AIntrauterine Device:36-Month follow-up

Three hundred and eighty four women in Shanghai who delivered vaginally and chose IUD for contraception received the copper T 380A IUD inserted vaginally within 10 min after delivery of the placenta(i.e.,immediate postplacental insertion, IPPI). Among them, 98.70% were primipara. The women were randomly divided into two groups: IUD inserted by hand and IUD insreted by ring forceps. Using Life Table Method and χ 2 test, expulsion and other discontinuation rates were compared at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months post insertion between these two different groups. No uterine perforation, infection or prolonged period of lochia occurred in the 384 cases. Expulsions were the main reason for discontinuation. From 6 months to 36 months, the gross cumulative rates of all discontinuation events (expulsion, pregnancy, removal for bleeding/pain, etc.) were not statistically significantly different (P>0.05). The results suggest that these two different insertion techniques do not significantly affect discontinuation rate in vaginal IPPI using the TCu 380 A, which appears to be suitable for postpartum insertion in Chinese women. Other relevant issues, such as breast feeding and IUD position in uterine cavity, are also analyzed and discussed in this paper.

Highlights for α-fetoprotein in determining prognosis and treatment monitoring for hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To explore the prognostic value in the monitoring of treatment efficacy of serial α-fetoprotein(AFP) in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients.METHODS:We searched MEDLINE,EMBASE and COCHRANE LIBRARY through April 21,2012,to find qualifying articles.Our overall search strategy included terms for HCC,AFP,treatment response,and prognosis.Literature was limited to English-language,human studies.Studies reporting cumulative survival rates were summa-rized qualitatively.For the prognostic meta-analysis,we undertook a series of meta-analyses that summarised the Cox proportional hazard ratios(HRs) by assuming a random effects model.With regards to the correlation of AFP change with radiologic response,the categorical dichotomous variables were assessed using Poisson relative risks(RRs),which were incorporated into the random effects model meta-analysis of accuracy prediction.Between-study heterogeneity was estimated by use of the I2 statistic.Publication bias was evaluated using the Begg funnel plot and Egger plot.Sensitivity analyses were conducted first by separating systemic treatment estimates from locoregional therapy estimates,evaluating different AFP response cut-off point effects,and exploring the impact of different study sizes.RESULTS:Of 142 titles identified in our original search,11 articles(12 clinical studies) met our criteria.Six studies investigated outcome in a total of 464 cases who underwent systemic treatment,and six studies investigated outcome in a total of 510 patients who received locoregional therapy.A random-effects model metaanalysis showed that AFP response was associated with an mortality HR of 0.55(95%CI,0.47-0.65) across HCC in overall survival(OS) and 0.50(95%CI,0.38-0.65) in progression-free survival.Restricting analysis to the six eligible analyses of systemic treatment,the pooled HRs were 0.64(95%CI,0.53-0.77) for OS.Limiting analysis to the six analyses of locoregional therapy,the pooled HRs for OS was 0.39(95%CI,0.29-0.53).We showed a larger pooled HR in the 50% definition studies(HR,0.67,95%CI,0.55-0.83) compared with that from the 20% definition studies(HR,0.41,95%CI,0.32-0.53).Restricting analysis to the four studies including over 100 patients individually,the pooled HR was 0.65(95%CI,0.54-0.79),with a pooled HR for OS of 0.35(95%CI,0.23-0.46) in the studies of less than 100 patients.As to radiological imaging,43.1%(155/360) of the patients in the AFP response group presented with a radiological overall response,while the response rate decreased to 11.5%(36/313) in the patients from theAFP nonresponse group.The RR of having no overall response was significantly lower in the AFP response group than the AFP nonresponse group(RR,0.67;95%CI,0.61-0.75).In terms of disease control rate,86.9%(287/330) in the AFP response group and 51.0%(153/300) in the AFP nonresponse group showed successful disease control,respectively.The RR of disease control failure,similarly,was significantly lower in the AFP response group(RR,0.37;95%CI,0.23-0.58).But these findings could be overestimates because of publication and reporting bias.CONCLUSION:HCC patients presenting with an AFP response are at decreased risk of mortality.In addition,patients with an AFP response also present with a higher overall response rate and disease control rate.

An Alignment-Based Approach to L2 Learning of Chinese Numeral Classifiers

This study investigated the efficiency of learning the Chinese numeral classifiers by L2 Chinese learners by means of an alignment-oriented task. Participants were a total of 96 intermediate learners of L2 Chinese, who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group, with each group consisting of 32 participants. The continuation task used in this study consisted of a picture-based Chinese text depicting a room with an array of objects, which necessitates the use of classifiers. The two experimental groups were both required to first read the text and then write to describe their own rooms in comparison with the one in the text. One group was instructed to use the classifiers from the text as much as possible in their writing, whereas the other was not required to do so. Participants in the control group were first given the picture to look at in the absence of the text and then asked to describe their own rooms. The results showed that the continuation task significantly enhanced participants’ retention of the Chinese numeral classifiers, suggesting that the alignment-based approach is an effective way to learn difficult linguistic categories such as the Chinese classifiers.

Stabilization of stochastic nonholonomic systems

In this work, we investigate the stabilization control design of nonholonomic stochastic system in strict-feedback form. Under the condition of all states being available for feedback, a state feedback controller was developed via the stochastic Lyapunov-like theorem and backstepping design technique. The controllers guarantee all states of the closed-loop system are bounded in probability, and largely asymptotically stable when the stochastic disturbances equal to zero at the equilibrium point of the open-loop system. Besides, the time-varying technique was introduced to avoid the uncontrollable state of chained system.

Some limsup results for increments of stable processes in random scenery

In this paper,we prove some limsup results for increments and lag increments of G(t),which is a stable processe in random scenery.The proofs rely on the tail probability estimation of G(t).

Nonhomogeneous(H,Q)-Process:The Backward and Forward Equations

As for the backward and forward equation of nonhomogeneous(H, Q) -processes,we proof them in a new way. On the base of that, this paper gives the direct computational formalfor one dimensional distribution of the nonhomogeneous(H, Q) -process.

The Effects of Electroacupuncture at the Heart Meridian on Myocardial Contractile Function in Rabbits with Myocardial Ischemia

Acute myocardial ischemia was induced by intravenous injection of pituitrin, and electroacupuncture (EA) was applied at the Heart and Lung Meridians (HM and LM), 3 points on each meridian. The changes in the left intraventricular pressure (LVP), the maximum rise rate of intraventricular pressure (LVP dp/dtmax), the area of cardiac force loop (ACFL), and the maximum shortening velocity of myocardial contractile element (Vmax) were observed. As a result, there were significant differences in the improvement of LVP, LVP dp/dtmax, ACFL and Vmax between EA at HM and LM. The regulatory action of EA at HM on the myocardial contractile function was significantly better than that of EA at LM, indicating that HM has a close relationship with the myocardial contractile function.……

System review on treating post-stroke depression with acupuncture

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of treating post-stroke depression with acupuncture compared to western medicine systematically. Methods Databases were retrieved such as Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Sicence, EMbase, CBM, CNKI and WanFang Data so as to look up randomized controlled trials （RCT） of treating post-stroke depression with acupuncture and western medicine, and the time limit for the retrieval spanned from the date of database established to September 2013. By extracting data and evaluating methodological quality of included studies according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, RevMan 5.2 software was applied for Meta-analysis and evidence quality was assessed by adopting the GRADE system. Results Atotal of 23 RCTs （845 patients with post-stroke depression） were included in this study. It was revealed by Meta-analysis that the differences of the two groups were statistically significant in terms of HAMD scale scores measured at the end of the treatment by comparing the treatment of acupuncture and western medicine [SMD=0.26, 95% CI （0.11, 0.40）], but via susceptibility analysis （excluding low quality studies）, the differences were not statistically significant [SMD=-0.06, 95% CI （-0.37, 0.25）], and the reliability of the results was low; in terms of adverse events, the differences were statistically significant [RR= 0.32, 95% Cl （0.19, 0.53）], and the risk of adverse events reduced by 68% in the acupuncture group. From the assessment on evidence quality grade based on GRADE system, it was revealed that HAMD scores and adverse events were evidences with fairly low quality. Conclusion Although this system assessment showed that treating post-stroke depression with acupuncture was more effective compared with western medicine, the result was less reliable and quality of evidences was poor. The above-mentioned results need more high- quality randomized controlled trials for further verification.

Jensen's Inequality for Backward Stochastic Differential Equations

Under the Lipschitz assumption and square integrable assumption on g, the author proves that Jensen＇s inequality holds for backward stochastic differential equations with generator g if and only if g is independent of y, g（t, 0）≡ 0 and g is super homogeneous with respect to z. This result generalizes the known results on Jensen＇s inequality for gexpectation in [4, 7-9].

Stochastic Maximum Principle for Optimal Control Problems of Forward-Backward Delay Systems Involving Impulse Controls

This paper is concerned with the optimal control problems of forward-backward delay systems involving impulse controls. The authors establish a stochastic maximum principle for this kind of systems. The most distinguishing features of the proposed problem are that the control variables consist of regular and impulsive controls, both with time delay, and that the domain of regular control is not necessarily convex. The authors obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for optimal controls,which have potential applications in mathematical finance.

Is fire needle superior to Western medication for herpes zoster?A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:To compare the effectiveness of fire needle versus Western medicine in the treatment of herpes zoster.Methods:Randomized controlled trials comparing fire needle with Western medicine in the treatment of herpes zoster were identified using 8 databases.A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:Eight trials involving 569 patients were included in this meta-analysis,and the results showed that fire needle was superior to Western medicine comparing the effective rate[risk ratio(RR)=1.13,95%confidence interval(Cl):1.06 to 1.20;P=0.0002],the visual analog scale(VAS)score[mean difference(MD)=-7.95;95%Cl:-10.71 to-5.20;P<0.00001],time of pain disappearance(MD=-7.61;95%CI:-9.38 to-5.84;P<0.00001),time of blister-stop(MD=-1.34,95%CI:-1.51 to-1.18;P<0.00001),time of crusted scab(MD=-2.92,95%CI:-3.62 to-2.23;P<0.00001);and time of scab off(MD=-4.64,95%CI:-5.83 to-3.46;P<0.00001).In addition,a significantly lower incidence of postherpetic neuralgia was found in the fire needle group in 30 d(RR=0.23,95%CI:0.11 to 0.51;P=0.0002)and 60 d(RR=0.33,95%CI:0.12 to 0.91;P=0.03)after treatment.Conclusion:Fire needle has a favorable effect in increasing the effective rate,relieving pain,recovering skin lesions and decreasing incidence of postherpetic neuralgia in the treatment of herpes zoster.However,considering the limitations in this study,the findings should be interpreted cautiously.

Clinical observation on heat-sensitive moxibustion plus lactulose for postoperative constipation of mixed hemorrhoid due to spleen deficiency

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of heat-sensitive moxibustion plus lactulose oral liquid for postoperative constipation of mixed hemorrhoid.Methods:A total of 70 patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group,with 35 cases in each group by a random number table.Patients in the control group received lactulose oral liquid alone,while those in the treatment group received additional heat-sensitive moxibustion at Shenque(CV 8).The treatment was given once a day for 15 consecutive days.The defecation interval time,defecation duration,the scores of stool form,visual analog scale(VAS)and patient assessment of constipation quality of life questionnaire(PAC-QOL),as well as the serum substance P(SP)and nitric oxide(NO)levels were measured before and after treatment.Results:After treatment,the stool form score,defecation interval time and defecation duration in the two groups dropped significantly(all P<0.05),and they were lower in the treatment group than in the control group(all P<0.05).After treatment,the VAS scores in the two groups dropped significantly(both P<0.05),and it was lower in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the PAC-QOL scores in the two groups dropped significantly(both P<0.05),and it was lower in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the serum SP and NO levels in the two groups improved significantly(all P<0.05),and showed statistically significant differences between the treatment group and the control group(both P<0.05).Conclusion:Heat-sensitive moxibustion plus lactulose oral liquid can improve stool form,shorten defecation interval time and defecation duration,alleviate defecation pain,and improve quality of life(QOL)for patients with postoperative constipation of mixed hemorrhoid,which may be related to the regulation of the SP and NO levels.

Maximum Principle for Partially-Observed Optimal Control Problems of Stochastic Delay Systems

This paper is concerned with partially-observed optimal control problems for stochastic delay systems. Combining Girsanov's theorem with a standard variational technique, the authors obtain a maximum principle on the assumption that the system equation contains time delay and the control domain is convex. The related adjoint processes are characterized as solutions to anticipated backward stochastic differential equations in finite-dimensional spaces. Then, the proposed theoretical result is applied to study partially-observed linear-quadratic optimal control problem for stochastic delay system and an explicit observable control variable is given.

Effect of meridian sinew row needling combined with dermal needling on spasticity of post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparalysis: a multi-center randomized controlled trial

Objective To explore the effect of meridian sinew row needling combined with dermal needling on spasticity of post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparalysis. Methods Four hundred and eighty-eight cases of post-stroke patients with upper limb spasticity were randomly divided into two groups at the ratio of 1： 1, the group of meridian sinew row needling combined with dermal needling （group A, 244 cases） and western medication group （group B, 244 cases）. Coupled with rehabilitation, the patients in the group A were given meridian sinew row needling combined with dermal needling where five shu points were specifically selected, and three yang meridians of the hand were treated with acupuncture with muscle region, and three yin meridians of the hand were treated with dermal needles; the patients in the group B was treated with conventional western medication with piracetam injection and cerebroprotein hydrolysate included. Clinical efficacy was evaluated among patients in the two groups after three weeks of continuous treatment, and upper limb spasticity and motor functions were observed through modified Asworth Scale and FugI-Meyer Assessment Scale （FMA） before and after treatment. Results For Asworth Scale, group A was significantly superior to group B （3.04 ± 1.29 vs 3.88 ± 1.54, P〈0.05）; for FMA scale, group A was also significantly superior to group B （48.67± 15.64 vs 42.96±14.72, P〈0.05）; mitigations of motor status of upper limb joints in group A, such as remission of shoulder adduction （90.5%）, pronation of forearm （70.7%）, elbow joint flexion （73.1%）, wrist joint flexion （80.9%） and finger flexion （88.1%）, were superior to those of group B （70.0%, 60.0%, 61.9%, 57.4%, 63.2%, all P〈0.05）. Conclusion Good clinical efficacy of the treatment with combined with dermal needling on spasticity of post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparalysis is achieved.

Effect of Tiaoshen Kaiqiao acupuncture in the treatment of ischemic post-stroke depression：a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Tiaoshen Kaiqiao acupuncture in the treatment of ischemic post-stroke depression.METHODS:This research was a single-blind, positive-controlled trial done in a single entity.Totally58 patients with ischemic post-stroke depression were randomly divided into two groups.The acupuncture group was given Tiaoshen Kaiqiao acupuncture therapy and placebo starch tablets treatment,while the control group was treated with fluoxetine tablets and body acupuncture treatment.Evaluated the clinical efficacy of the two groups with Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),Anti Depression Drug Side Effects Rating Scale(SERS), Clinical Global Impression Scale(CGI) respectively before treatment, the fourth weekend of treatment, the eighth weekend of treatment,the twelfth weekend of treatment.The adverse reactions in two groups were observed and documented.RESULTS:The HAMD scale scores of the two groups in different treatment period were significantly decreased compared with that before treatment(P < 0.05); the score reduction of HAMD scale between the two groups had no significant differences(P > 0.05).There was significant difference between the SERS scores of two groups(P < 0.05); the control group had more adverse reactions, and the score would be increased with the extension of treatment time.Effect index(EI) of CGI in the acupuncture group is better than that of control group(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The effects of Tiaoshen Kaiqiao acupuncture and fluoxetine in the treatment of ischemic post-stroke depression were similar, but the former had no obvious adverse reaction and side effects.

Controlled Mean-Field Backward Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps Involving the Value Function

This paper discusses mean-field backward stochastic differentiM equations （mean-field BS- DEs） with jumps and a new type of controlled mean-field BSDEs with jumps, namely mean-field BSDEs with jumps strongly coupled with the value function of the associated control problem. The authors first prove the existence and the uniqueness as well as a comparison theorem for the above two types of BSDEs. For this the authors use an approximation method. Then, with the help of the notion of stochastic backward semigroups introduced by Peng in 1997, the authors get the dynamic programming principle （DPP） for the value functions. Furthermore, the authors prove that the value function is a viscosity solution of the associated nonlocal Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman （HJB） integro-partial differential equation, which is unique in an adequate space of continuous functions introduced by Barles, et al. in 1997.

Use of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan to prevent postsurgical adhesions in a rabbit double uterine horn model： a randomized controlled design

In previous studies, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan has been shown to decrease the incidence and intensity of abdominal adhesions. In the present study, adhesions were induced in 220 rabbits using a double uterine horn model. Rabbits were randomized to receive an operation only or an operation+medical chitosan intraperitoneally. Twenty-two rabbits from each group were euthanized at one of five different times(Day 3, 7, 14, 28, or 42), and adhesion formation was given gross and histopathological scores. Reductions were observed in adhesion extent(P=0.0337) and tenacity(P=0.0271) as well as inflammation(P<0.0001) on Day 3 when medical chitosan was applied. Prior to Day 14, fibrosis was less obvious in the medical chitosan group(P<0.0005). The tenacity scores were significantly lower in the medical chitosan group following Day 14(P<0.05), while the type scores were lower in the medical chitosan group following Day 28(P<0.03). Thus, medical chitosan decreased both the gross and the histopathological scores of the induced adhesions.