Abstract： Background： Antibiotic self-medication is highly prevalent in the developing countries. The objective of the study was to evaluate self-medication with antibiotics and the regulation of antibiotics consump...Abstract： Background： Antibiotic self-medication is highly prevalent in the developing countries. The objective of the study was to evaluate self-medication with antibiotics and the regulation of antibiotics consumption in the private and public pharmacies of the urban area of Bujumbura. Methods： A cross sectional study using self-administered questionnaire was conducted in private and public pharmacies of Bujumbura. 460 clients were randomly chosen and 32 sellers randomly selected from January to September 2015 and interviewed. Results： Of the 460 participants, 186 （40.43%） practiced self-medication to antibiotics. The average age was 34.89 years. Abdominal pain was the first motivation to practice self-medication （20.8%）. Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most commonly used （47.3%）. Inaccessibility to health care facilities due to the lack of financial resources was cited to be the root of this phenomenon （62%） and these antibiotics were mostly acquired from community pharmacies without prescriptions （84.4%）. Conclusions： The high cost of care and the low level ofstudy of the patients are factors favoring this phenomenon. A national policy for regulation use of antibiotics without a medical prescription and an educational program to general population on the effective use of antibiotics are therefore needed.展开更多
In advertisements directed at consumers within a society or others ocieties, brands employ cultural signs （values, beliefs, rituals, and heroes and symbols） and in accordance, it can be observed that they consciousl...In advertisements directed at consumers within a society or others ocieties, brands employ cultural signs （values, beliefs, rituals, and heroes and symbols） and in accordance, it can be observed that they consciously make use of the terms ＂locality＂ and ＂globality＂. In this study, four global food brands＇ advertisements including cultural codes, locality, and globality have been randomly selected and analyzed. These advertising messages have been analyzed at an intercultural level from visual semiotics perspective. It has been tried to determine the ＂local＂ approaches of global brands by revealing the ＂intercultural＂ dimension transferred through visual and linguistic signs in the advertisements which we reselected with an eclectic method.展开更多
Using the GARCH model to describe the risky asset's return process so thatits time-varying moments and conditional heteroskedasticity can be properly reflected,general multiperiod optimal investment and consumptio...Using the GARCH model to describe the risky asset's return process so thatits time-varying moments and conditional heteroskedasticity can be properly reflected,general multiperiod optimal investment and consumption problems with both fixed andproportional transactions costs are investigated in this paper. We model this kind ofdifficult problems as a dynamic stochastic optimization problem, which can cope withdifferent utility functions and any number of time periods. The procedure to solve theresulting complex nonlinear stochastic optimization problem is discussed in detail and abranch-decomposition algorithm is devised.展开更多
This paper studies an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate,where interest rate is governed by the Vasicek model.The financial market is composed of one riskfree asset and one risky asset,in...This paper studies an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate,where interest rate is governed by the Vasicek model.The financial market is composed of one riskfree asset and one risky asset,in which stock price dynamics is assumed to be generally correlated with interest rate dynamics.The aim is to maximize expected utility of consumption and terminal wealth in the finite horizon.Legendre transform is used to deal with this investment and consumption problem and the explicit solutions of the optimal investment and consumption strategies with power and logarithm preference are achieved.Finally,the authors add a numerical example to analyze the effect of market parameters on the optimal investment and consumption strategy and provide some economic implications.展开更多
文摘Abstract： Background： Antibiotic self-medication is highly prevalent in the developing countries. The objective of the study was to evaluate self-medication with antibiotics and the regulation of antibiotics consumption in the private and public pharmacies of the urban area of Bujumbura. Methods： A cross sectional study using self-administered questionnaire was conducted in private and public pharmacies of Bujumbura. 460 clients were randomly chosen and 32 sellers randomly selected from January to September 2015 and interviewed. Results： Of the 460 participants, 186 （40.43%） practiced self-medication to antibiotics. The average age was 34.89 years. Abdominal pain was the first motivation to practice self-medication （20.8%）. Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most commonly used （47.3%）. Inaccessibility to health care facilities due to the lack of financial resources was cited to be the root of this phenomenon （62%） and these antibiotics were mostly acquired from community pharmacies without prescriptions （84.4%）. Conclusions： The high cost of care and the low level ofstudy of the patients are factors favoring this phenomenon. A national policy for regulation use of antibiotics without a medical prescription and an educational program to general population on the effective use of antibiotics are therefore needed.
文摘In advertisements directed at consumers within a society or others ocieties, brands employ cultural signs （values, beliefs, rituals, and heroes and symbols） and in accordance, it can be observed that they consciously make use of the terms ＂locality＂ and ＂globality＂. In this study, four global food brands＇ advertisements including cultural codes, locality, and globality have been randomly selected and analyzed. These advertising messages have been analyzed at an intercultural level from visual semiotics perspective. It has been tried to determine the ＂local＂ approaches of global brands by revealing the ＂intercultural＂ dimension transferred through visual and linguistic signs in the advertisements which we reselected with an eclectic method.
基金This research is partially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(2001SL09)
文摘Using the GARCH model to describe the risky asset's return process so thatits time-varying moments and conditional heteroskedasticity can be properly reflected,general multiperiod optimal investment and consumption problems with both fixed andproportional transactions costs are investigated in this paper. We model this kind ofdifficult problems as a dynamic stochastic optimization problem, which can cope withdifferent utility functions and any number of time periods. The procedure to solve theresulting complex nonlinear stochastic optimization problem is discussed in detail and abranch-decomposition algorithm is devised.
基金supported by the Humanities and Social Science Research Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.11YJC790006Center for Research of Regulation and Policy of Zhejiang Province of China under Grant No.13JDGZ03YB+1 种基金the project of National Statistical Science of China under Grant No.2013LY125the Higher School Science and Technology Development Foundation of Tianjin of China under Grant No.20100821
文摘This paper studies an investment and consumption problem with stochastic interest rate,where interest rate is governed by the Vasicek model.The financial market is composed of one riskfree asset and one risky asset,in which stock price dynamics is assumed to be generally correlated with interest rate dynamics.The aim is to maximize expected utility of consumption and terminal wealth in the finite horizon.Legendre transform is used to deal with this investment and consumption problem and the explicit solutions of the optimal investment and consumption strategies with power and logarithm preference are achieved.Finally,the authors add a numerical example to analyze the effect of market parameters on the optimal investment and consumption strategy and provide some economic implications.
