As the highest and most extensive plateau on earth, the Tibetan Plateau has strong thermo- dynamic effect, which not only affects regional climate around the plateau but precipitation patterns of scattered meteorologi...As the highest and most extensive plateau on earth, the Tibetan Plateau has strong thermo- dynamic effect, which not only affects regional climate around the plateau but precipitation patterns of scattered meteorological also temperature and itself. However, due to stations, its spatial precipitation pattern and, especially, the mechanism behind are poorly understood. The availability of spatially consistent satellite-derived precipitation data makes it possible to get accurate precipitation pattern in the plateau, which could help quantitatively explore the effect and mechanism of mass elevation effect on precipitation pattern. This paper made full use of TMPA 3B43 V7 monthly precipitation data to track the trajectory of precipitation and identified four routes （east, southeast, south, west directions） along which moisture-laden air masses move into the plateau. We made the assumption that precipitation pattern is the result interplay of these four moisture- laden air masses transportation routes against the distances from moisture sources and the topographic barriers along the routes. To do so, we developed a multivariate linear regression model with the spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation as the dependent variable and the topographical barriers to these four moisture sources as independent variables. The result shows that our model could explain about 7o% of spatial variation of mean annual precipitation pattern in the plateau; the regression analysis also shows that the southeast moisture source （the Bay of Bengal） contributes the most （32.56%） to the rainfall pattern of the plateau; the east and the south sources have nearly the same contribution, 23.59% and 23.48%, respectively; while the west source contributes the least, only 2o.37%. The findings of this study can greatly improve our understanding of mass elevation effect on spatial precipitation pattern.展开更多
The paper looks at some bridge structures from ancient aqueducts to the most recent viaducts since people have always built structures that help them to cross terrain obstacles such as rivers, ravines and hills. Their...The paper looks at some bridge structures from ancient aqueducts to the most recent viaducts since people have always built structures that help them to cross terrain obstacles such as rivers, ravines and hills. Their primary goal has functionality and efficiency rather than aesthetic considerations and, yet from a time perspective, they still impress with their beauty and perfection. Gradually, architects began to take care of the form of bridges, as in the case of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. Nowadays, the most renowned architects, with Norman Foster in the lead, take up the design of bridge ＂architecture＂. Although technical solutions remain top priority, aesthetic qualities are widely recognized and appreciated.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41421001 and 41030528)
文摘As the highest and most extensive plateau on earth, the Tibetan Plateau has strong thermo- dynamic effect, which not only affects regional climate around the plateau but precipitation patterns of scattered meteorological also temperature and itself. However, due to stations, its spatial precipitation pattern and, especially, the mechanism behind are poorly understood. The availability of spatially consistent satellite-derived precipitation data makes it possible to get accurate precipitation pattern in the plateau, which could help quantitatively explore the effect and mechanism of mass elevation effect on precipitation pattern. This paper made full use of TMPA 3B43 V7 monthly precipitation data to track the trajectory of precipitation and identified four routes （east, southeast, south, west directions） along which moisture-laden air masses move into the plateau. We made the assumption that precipitation pattern is the result interplay of these four moisture- laden air masses transportation routes against the distances from moisture sources and the topographic barriers along the routes. To do so, we developed a multivariate linear regression model with the spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation as the dependent variable and the topographical barriers to these four moisture sources as independent variables. The result shows that our model could explain about 7o% of spatial variation of mean annual precipitation pattern in the plateau; the regression analysis also shows that the southeast moisture source （the Bay of Bengal） contributes the most （32.56%） to the rainfall pattern of the plateau; the east and the south sources have nearly the same contribution, 23.59% and 23.48%, respectively; while the west source contributes the least, only 2o.37%. The findings of this study can greatly improve our understanding of mass elevation effect on spatial precipitation pattern.
文摘The paper looks at some bridge structures from ancient aqueducts to the most recent viaducts since people have always built structures that help them to cross terrain obstacles such as rivers, ravines and hills. Their primary goal has functionality and efficiency rather than aesthetic considerations and, yet from a time perspective, they still impress with their beauty and perfection. Gradually, architects began to take care of the form of bridges, as in the case of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. Nowadays, the most renowned architects, with Norman Foster in the lead, take up the design of bridge ＂architecture＂. Although technical solutions remain top priority, aesthetic qualities are widely recognized and appreciated.
