宋朝的配隶法与厢军中的配军

宋朝的配军制度,是建立在配隶法基础上的强制罪犯充军的集兵制度,是宋代兵制中于募兵制之外又一个值得注意的特点。配隶法自宋初实行以后,逐步成为一个内容繁杂、适用于各种犯罪的刑种。两宋时期的厢军是配军数量较多的军种,配军不仅集中分布在厢军的牢城营,而且在厢军其他重役军分和一般军分中都有较多分布。由于配隶法适用范围的泛化和枉法滥配现象的大量存在,宋朝牢城等配军军分的溢额成为一种常态,配军数量十分庞大。宋统治者之所以将罪犯配隶充军,很大程度上是为了直接控制一批能够服兵役和劳役、随时听候国家调遣的人力资源,配军的存在也因此具有了其自身的社会经济价值和军事价值。

隶法见山:关于两件李叔同早期隶书作品的考察报告

Tianjin Art Museum collects two works of Li Shutong’s early official\|script\|style calligraphy, with which we can explore an issue related to his learning of official script writing from Yang Jianshan. These two works, according to the shape of their calligraphic characters, were copied from Yang Jianshan’s calligraphy, though there were variations in formation. We can conclude that the saying——“learning official script style from Jianshan”——was his real words when Li Shutong mentioned about his early experience of learning calligraphy. This study also includes copy models of calligraphy which can be seen as evidence to correct the mistakes in others’ research.

褚遂良楷书中的八分隶法意味

褚遂良的楷书取法问题,一直是历代书家深入学习其楷书的本质性问题。褚书博采众书体之长,卓然独立,成为唐代楷书的典范,影响深远。其楷书独特之处是对八分隶法的保留。本文阐述褚遂良楷书对《礼器碑》《曹全碑》的继承与发展关系,窥探褚遂良对八分隶法的取舍,探究其书学渊源。

渊懿茂密 丰腴灵和--北齐《水牛山文殊般若经》刻经书法欣赏

在北朝书法遗迹中,北齐的佛经书刻文字颇为引人注目,其风格特立,品类丰富,数量甚多,在北朝书法史上颇具代表性.就刻经这个现象而言,北齐的刻经活动在中国佛教发展史上也具有典型的文化意义.从社会文化根源上来讲,刻经活动与北齐帝王贵戚及民众上下均笃信佛教有着不可分割的关系,而王公显贵、沙门僧侣就是这些刻经的重要赞助者和主持者,他们组织工匠劈山凿窟,将石壁打磨干净,恭敬而精心地刊刻,其目的主要是存经弘法,以启来者,刻之于石可“托以高山,永留不绝”.就目前所见北齐书法遗迹而言,其刻经文字风格尤为突出,更具代表性,在泰山、响堂山、铁山、冈山、水牛山等地均有不同规模的摩崖、经碑、经幢等刻经文字留存,可谓蔚为大观.

Comprehensive Evaluation on Drought Tolerance of Widely-used Rice Varieties with Subordinate Function Method

Using drought-tolerant cultivar IAPAR 9 （upland rice from Brazil） and drought-sensitive varieties IR64 as the controls, the drought tolerances of total 26 rice varieties widely used in production were evaluated with subordinate function method based on morphological, physiological and yield traits. The results showed that the trait values of grain yield per plant （GYP）, effective panicles per plant （EPP）, seed-setting rate （SSR）, panicle length （PL）, leaf relative water content （RWC） and chlorophyll content （SPAD） in all tested varieties decreased significantly under the conditions of drought stress. The subordinate function values of these traits of all tested rice varieties were thus calculated varieties. Based on the aver- age subordinate function values of all these traits, total 7 （i.e. Y Liangyou 1） and 3 （i.e. Liangyou Peijiu） rice varieties were identified as drought-tolerant and drought- sensitive varieties, respectively.

MINER RULE CONSIDERING FUZZINESS OF STRESS DAMAGE UNDER DIFFERENT LOAD SEQUENCES

Since the traditional Miner rule ignores the influence of the load sequence on the fatigue life, the fuzzy rules are used to analyze the fuzziness of the fatigue damage caused by the stress nearby the fatigue limit under different load sequences. The improved fuzzy Miner rule can reflect the influence of the load sequence on the fatigue life. Results of the example show that the prediction error can be reduced from 61.6% to 21.7%.

Minimum Cross Fuzzy Entropy Problem, The Existence of Its Solution and Generalized Minimum Cross Fuzzy Entropy Problems

In the present study we have formulated a Minimum Cross Fuzzy Entropy Problem （Minx（F）EntP） and proposed sufficient conditions for existence of its solution. Mentioned problem can be formulated as follows. In the set of membership functions satisfying the given moment constraints generated by given moment functions it is required to choose the membership function that is closest to a priori membership function in the sense of cross fuzzy entropy measure. The existence of solution of formulated problem is proved by virtue of concavity property of cross fuzzy entropy measure, the implicit function theorem and Lagrange multipliers method. Moreover, Generalized Cross Fuzzy Entropy Optimization Methods in the form of MinMinx（F）EntM and MaxMinx（F）EntM are suggested on the basis of primary phase of minimizing cross fuzzy entropy measure for fixed moment vector function and on the definition of the special functional with Minx（F）Ent values of cross fuzzy entropy measure. Next phase for obtaining mentioned distributions consists of optimization of defined functional with respect to moment vector functions. Distributions obtained by mentioned methods are defined as （MinMinx（F）Ent）m and （MaxMinx（F）Ent）m distributions.

Analysis on the Significance of Ancient Chinese Corporal Punishment Reform to the Progress of the Penalty System

Since the ＂five -punishment＂ system was established from the period of the slavery society of the Western Zhou Dynasty, corporal punishment has been always in existence as a tool used by the rulers to punish people in ancient China. Although corporal punishment was abolished in the punishment sentencing reform of Emperor Wen of Han, it was further developed and improved in the penalty system of the Sui and Tang dynasties. However, it was restored in the Song, Liao, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, etc. From the studies of the corporal punishment change, the reform law of the penal system in ancient China can be found, and also the significance of ancient Chinese corporal punishment reform to the progress of criminal penalty can be sought. Meanwhile, it is of vital significance to knowing well the development of China＇s legal history and improving the current penal system.

Generalized Maximum Fuzzy Entropy Methods with Applications on Wind Speed Data

This study is connected with new Generalized Maximum Fuzzy Entropy Methods （GMax（F）EntM） in the form of MinMax（F）EntM and MaxMax（F）EntM belonging to us. These methods are based on primary maximizing Max（F）Ent measure for fixed moment vector function in order to obtain the special functional with maximum values of Max（F）Ent measure and secondary optimization of mentioned functional with respect to moment vector functions. Distributions, in other words sets of successive values of estimated membership function closest to （furthest from） the given membership function in the sense of Max（F）Ent measure, obtained by mentioned methods are defined as （MinMax（F）Ent）m which is closest to a given membership function and （MaxMax（F）Ent）m which is furthest from a given membership function. The aim of this study consists of applying MinMax（F）EntM and MaxMax（F）EntM on given wind speed data. Obtained results are realized by using MATLAB programme. The performances of distributions （MinMax（F）En0m and （MaxMax（F）Ent）m generated by using Generalized Maximum Fuzzy Entropy Methods are established by Chi-Square, Root Mean Square Error criterias and Max（F）Ent measure.

Incremental learning of the triangular membership functions based on single-pass FCM and CHC genetic model

In order to improve the efficiency of learning the triangular membership functions( TMFs) for mining fuzzy association rule( FAR) in dynamic database,a single-pass fuzzy c means( SPFCM)algorithm is combined with the real-coded CHC genetic model to incrementally learn the TMFs. The cluster centers resulting from SPFCM are regarded as the midpoint of TMFs. The population of CHC is generated randomly according to the cluster center and constraint conditions among TMFs. Then a new population for incremental learning is composed of the excellent chromosomes stored in the first genetic process and the chromosomes generated based on the cluster center adjusted by SPFCM. The experiments on real datasets show that the number of generations converging to the solution of the proposed approach is less than that of the existing batch learning approach. The quality of TMFs generated by the approach is comparable to that of the batch learning approach. Compared with the existing incremental learning strategy,the proposed approach is superior in terms of the quality of TMFs and time cost.

Brain MRI Segmentation Using KFCM and Chan-Vese Model

To extract region of interests （ROI） in brain magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） with more than two objects and improve the segmentation accuracy, a hybrid model of a kemel-based fuzzy c-means （KFCM） clustering algorithm and Chan-Vese （CV） model for brain MRI segmentation is proposed. The approach consists of two succes- sive stages. Firstly, the KFCM is used to make a coarse segmentation, which achieves the automatic selection of initial contour. Then an improved CV model is utilized to subdivide the image. Fuzzy membership degree from KFCM clus- tering is incorporated into the fidelity term of the 2-phase piecewise constant CV model to obtain accurate multi-object segmentation. Experimental results show that the proposed model has advantages both in accuracy and in robustness to noise in comparison with fuzzy c-means （FCM） clustering, KFCM, and the hybrid model of FCM and CV on brain MRI segmentation.

由“士夫画”到“文人画”——钱选“戾家画”说简论

“赵子昂问钱舜举曰 :‘如何是士夫画 ?’舜举答曰 :‘戾家画也。’子昂曰 :‘然。余观唐之王维、宋之李成、郭熙、李伯时 ,皆高尚士夫所画 ,与物传神 ,尽其妙也。近世作士夫画者 ,缪甚也。’”这段中国绘画史上有名的对话 ,前辈学者已经作过精湛研究。以前辈学者的研究成果为起点 ,本文对这一段对话的含意及其历史文化背景 ,作出进一步的考证和阐释。

石质对《石门颂》风格特征的影响

《石门颂》是汉隶中的佳作精品,极具书法研究价值。其独特的艺术魅力离不开岩石品质的成全。《石门颂》凿刻于坚硬的石英岩上,凿刻难度之大影响到字体的设计、线条的特点、特殊笔法的使用、体势的安排等。诸多的创作元素造就了《石门颂》篆法隶体草意的艺术形式,使其形成沉稳劲健、疏朗大气、洒脱自然的风格特征。

Regional Soil Mapping Using Multi-Grade Representative Sampling and a Fuzzy Membership-Based Mapping Approach

High-resolution and detailed regional soil spatial distribution information is increasingly needed for ecological modeling and land resource management. For areas with no point data, regional soil mapping includes two steps： soil sampling and soil mapping. Because sampling over a large area is costly, efficient sampling strategies are required. A multi-grade representative sampling strategy, which designs a small number of representative samples with different representative grades to depict soil spatial variations at different scales, could be a potentially efficient sampling strategy for regional soil mapping. Additionally, a suitable soil mapping approach is needed to map regional soil variations based on a small number of samples. In this study, the multi-grade representative sampling strategy was applied and a fuzzy membership-weighted soil mapping approach was developed to map soil sand percentage and soil organic carbon （SOC） at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths in a study area of 5 900 km2 in Anhui Province of China. First, geographical sub-areas were delineated using a parent lithology data layer. Next, fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to two climate and four terrain variables in each stratum. The clustering results （environmental cluster chains） were used to locate representative samples. Evaluations based on an independent validation sample set showed that the addition of samples with lower representativeness generally led to a decrease of root mean square error （RMSE）. The declining rates of RMSE with the addition of samples slowed down for 20-40 cm depth, but fluctuated for 0-20 cm depth. The predicted SOC maps based on the representative samples exhibited higher accuracy, especially for soil depth 20-40 cm, as compared to those based on legacy soil data. Multi-grade representative sampling could be an effective sampling strategy at a regional scale. This sampling strategy, combined with the fuzzy membership-based mapping approach, could be an optional effective framework for regional soil property mapping. A more detailed and accurate soft parent material map and the addition of environmental variables representing human activities would improve mapping accuracy.