从“雅法驱逐事件”透析一战时期德国对犹太复国主义的政策

第一次世界大战爆发后,德国依托其盟友奥斯曼土耳其帝国在中东战场与协约国集团展开激烈角逐。奥斯曼帝国为了维护在巴勒斯坦的统治,多次打击该地区日益兴起的犹太复国主义运动。德国外交官员则与土耳其人交涉,维护中东犹太人的利益,并且在"雅法驱逐事件"中保护了巴勒斯坦犹太人。本文以"雅法驱逐事件"为切入点,揭示德国在一战期间对犹太复国主义运动所采取的政策及其原因与利弊得失,并进而剖析了德国在这一时期中东局势中的战略取舍。

第一次世界大战期间英国对德土发起的宣传战——以“雅法事件”双方的舆论攻防为个案

第一次世界大战爆发后,协约国和同盟国不仅在正面战场上浴血拼杀,而且还在舆论宣传方面展开了激烈的舆论攻防宣传战。宣传战主要切入点在于:激发己方参战热情,摧毁敌方战争意志,争取更广泛的同情与支持,为最终获取战争胜利服务。协约国恰恰抓住了奥斯曼帝国在巴勒斯坦制造的雅法驱逐事件,对德土同盟发起强大的舆论攻势,获得了很好的宣传战效果。

雅法古城建筑风貌探析及启示

雅法古城为特拉维夫市赢得了一项世界文化遗产的殊荣，其完美结合体现了城市对当地独特文化、传统和地理要素的需求，是20世纪前期现代建筑运动不同流派文化的杰出代表，是新兴城市建筑规划的杰出范本，对广州建设国际大都市有良好的启示。

夜游雅法

雅法城建在丘陵上，城中有泉水两处，水量丰足，味道甘甜……

流散与回归:《只在昨日》中的“流散地”与“以色列地”

《只在昨日》是1966年诺贝尔文学奖获得者阿格农的代表性长篇小说之一。作者通过伊萨克这一形象,描写了其与东欧加利西亚、雅法、耶路撒冷三个关键地点的情感纠葛,表现出阿格农对流散地和以色列地的困惑。对犹太人而言,何处是家园,至关重要。但在阿格农的《只在昨日》中,家园近在手边,回归之路却遥遥无期。通过伊萨克,阿格农表达了对流散与回归的深层思索。这种思索就本质而言是悲观的。

为林肯申辩:美国立国的施特劳斯式解读

哈瑞·雅法以林肯与道格拉斯和卡尔霍恩的论辩以及当时的重大历史事件为经,以政治哲学史为纬,并最终溯及古典政治哲学,围绕美国立国展开了一场颇具学术抱负的检审。雅法拒斥美国立国奠基于现代性"低俗而稳靠"的基础上的流俗见解,雅法认为,美国立国奠基于自然法理论和自然正当;美国内战是一场关乎美利坚合众国生死存亡的政治决断,奴隶制的存废关乎道德抉择;林肯的选择是对历史主义、相对主义和虚无主义的反击。本文围绕两部专著展开,试图从中发掘雅法对美国立国和林肯的施特劳斯式解读,探悉施特劳斯对雅法的深刻影响,同时笔者委婉地批评了雅法关于美国立国的某些脸谱式解读以及对林肯的过誉之辞。

New Exact Solutions for （2＋1）-Dimensional Breaking Soliton Equation

New exact solutions in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions are obtained to the (2+1)-dimensional breakingsoliton equation by means of the modified mapping method. Limit cases are studied, and new solitary wave solutionsand triangular periodic wave solutions are obtained.

Periodic Wave Solutions for Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky Equation

By using F-expansion method proposed recently, we derive the periodic wave solution expressed by Jacobi elliptic functions for Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky equation. In the limit case, the solitary wave solution and other type of the traveling wave solutions are derived.

Exact Jacobian Elliptic Function Solutions to sinh-Gordon Equation

In this paper, two transformations are introduced to solve sinh-Gordon equation by using the knowledge of elliptic equation and Jacobian elliptic functions. It is shown that different transformations are required in order to obtain more kinds of solutions to the sinh-Gordon equation.

Negative Temperature of Inner Horizon and Planck Absolute Entropy of a Kerr-Newman Black Hole

Considering the contribution of both the outer and inner horizons, the Hamilton-Jacobi method is applied to a Kerr-Newman black hole and a negative temperature of the inner horizon is obtained. Under the negative temperature inside the black hole, the thermodynamics of the two horizons is studied, and the new Bekenstein-Smarr formula is given. The entropies of the inner and outer horizons are all positive. The new entropy expression of the black hole satisfies the Nernst Theorem and can be regarded as the Planck absolute entropy.

Response of fuzzy clustering on different threshold determination algorithms in spectral change vector analysis over Western Himalaya, India

Abstract： Change detection is a standard tool to extract and analyze the earth＇s surface features from remotely sensed data. Among the different change detection techniques, change vector analysis （CVA） have an exceptional advantage of discriminating change in terms of change magnitude and vector direction from multispectral bands. The estimation of precise threshold is one of the most crucial task in CVA to separate the change pixels from unchanged pixels because overall assessment of change detection method is highly dependent on selected threshold value. In recent years, integration of fuzzy clustering and remotely sensed data have become appropriate and realistic choice for change detection applications. The novelty of the proposed model lies within use of fuzzy maximum likelihood classification （FMLC） as fuzzy clustering in CVA. The FMLC based CVA is implemented using diverse threshold determination algorithms such as double-window flexible pace search （DFPS）, interactive trial and error （T＆E）, and 3x3-pixel kernel window （PKW）. Unlike existing CVA techniques, addition of fuzzy clustering in CVA permits each pixel to have multiple class categories and offers ease in threshold determination process. In present work, the comparative analysis has highlighted the performance of FMLC based CVA overimproved SCVA both in terms of accuracy assessment and operational complexity. Among all the examined threshold searching algorithms, FMLC based CVA using DFPS algorithm is found to be the most efficient method.

Epiphytic orchids and their ecological niche under anthropogenic influence in central Himalayas,Nepal

The survival chance of epiphytie orchids today not only depends on the natural site conditions required by the orchids but also on anthropogenic changes in site conditions. This study answers two questions： （1） What is the ecological niche of the different epiphytic orchid species？ （2） What are the ecological factors that threaten epiphytic orchid＇s population under anthropogenic disturbances？ Our study area was the Kathmandu valley, Nepal, with its subtropical forest. We established 156 systematically selected sampling points in the Kathmandu area covering different types of ecosystems under human impacts such as densely populated area, agricultural land, mixed agricultural and settled area, old tree patches, and a natural forest in a national park. The ecological niche of the orchid species was analyzed with a principal component analysis （PCA）. The correlations between the different site factors were statistically significant. Spearman＇s rank correlation matrices showed that the variables land-use intensities with altitude, and height with diameter in breast height （dbh） of host had the highest significant positive correlation coefficient （0.67 and 0.64 respectively）. On the other hand, host bark pH and altitude as well as land use had a significantly strong negative correlation coefficient （-0.80 and -0.61, respectively）. Different epiphytic orchid species interact differently with the given set of environmental factors： for occurrence of Vanda cristata there is no single environmental factor of special influence, while for Rhynehostylis retusa high bark pH and high light availability are important. First two axis of the PCA explained more than 50% of the total variance. Most orchid species occupy a specific, narrow niche in this ecological space. The main causes of anthropogenie influence of orchid population in the Kathmandu Valley are loss of adequate host trees （species and size） and increasing air pollution, resulting in increasing host bark pH.

Doubly Periodic Wave Solutions of Jaulent-Miodek Equations Using Variational Iteration Method Combined with Jacobian-function Method

One of the advantages of the variational iteration method is the free choice of initial guess. In this paper we use the basic idea of the Jacobian-function method to construct a generalized trial function with some unknown parameters. The Jaulent-Miodek equations are used to illustrate effectiveness and convenience of this method, some new explicit exact travelling wave solutions have been obtained, which include bell-type soliton solution, kink-type soliton solutions, solitary wave solutions, and doubly periodic wave solutions.

Entropy Production along Dominant Pathway of Nonequilibrium Phase Transition in Mesoscopic Chemical System

We consider a bistable mesoscopic chemical reaction system and calculate entropy produc- tion along the dominant pathway during nonequilibrium phase transition. Using probability generating function method and eikonal approximation, we first convert the chemical master equation into the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation, and then find the dominant pathways between two steady states in the phase space by calculating zero-energy trajectories. We find that entropy productions are related to the actions of the forward and backward dominant pathways. At the coexistence point where the stabilities of the two steady states are equiv alent, both the system entropy change and the medium entropy change are zero; whereas at non-coexistence point both of them are nonzero.

Pressure-tracking control of a novel electro-hydraulic braking system considering friction compensation

This work presents an integrated pressure-tracking controller for a novel electro-hydraulic brake(EHB) system considering friction and hydraulic disturbances. To this end, a mathematical model of an EHB system, consisting of actuator and hydraulic sub-systems, is derived for describing the fundamental dynamics of the system and designing the controller. Due to sensor inaccuracy and measurement noise, a Kalman filter is constructed to estimate push rod stroke for generating desired master cylinder pressure. To improve pressure-tracking accuracy, a linear friction model is generated by linearizing the nonlinear Tustin friction model, and the unmodeled friction disturbances are assumed unknown but bounded. A sliding mode controller is designed for compensating friction disturbances, and the stability of the controller is investigated using the Lyapunov method. The performance of the proposed integrated controller is evaluated with a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) test platform equipped with the EHB prototype. The test results demonstrate that the EHB system with the proposed integrated controller not only achieves good pressure-tracking performance, but also maintains robustness to friction disturbances.

Sustainability Assessment and Ranking of Run of the River(RoR) Hydropower Projects Using Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP):A Study from Western Himalayan Region of India

In the present scenario,tapping the unutilised hydropower potential is one of the highest priorities in developing countries of the world.Special emphasis is being imparted to run of the river(RoR)mode of power generation.However,the governments are now facing the dilemma whether to promote small hydropower projects(SHPs) or encourage large hydropower projects(LHPs).RoR large hydropower projects result into large scale cutting of mountains for constructing tunnels and access roads,generation of huge quantity of muck and large scale impact on flora and fauna due to diversion of rivers/streams.On the other hand,though SHPs are claimed to be greener and more sustainable by a section of researchers and energy planners but,they will be required to be set up in large number to generate equivalent amount of electricity.The aim of this study is to rank the most sustainable installed capacity range of RoR hydropower projects.To achieve this aim,the study proposes the use of quite popular multi-criteria decision making(MCDM)method of Operation Research named Analytical Hierarchy Process.A case study has been presented from Himachal Pradesh,a hydro rich state located in the western Himalayan region.As per sustainability assessment carried out in this study,hydropower projects in the capacity range 1 to 5 MW have been ranked to be the most sustainable.

Solution and Application about Conversion Tensor of Motion in Dynamic Modeling of 6-HTRT Parallel Robot

Equivalent integrated finite element method is a canonical and efficient modeling method in dynamic analysis of complex mechanism. The key of establishing dynamic equations of spatial mechanism by the method is to confirm Jacobian matrix reflecting relations of all joints,nodes,and generalized coordinates,namely,relations of second-order and corresponding third-order conversion tensors. For complex motion relations of components in a parallel robot,it gives second-order and third-order conversion tensors of dynamic equations for the 6-HTRT parallel robot based on equivalent integrated finite element method. The method is suitable for the typical robots whose positions of work space and sizes of mechanism are different. The solving course of the method is simple and convenient,so the method lays the foundation of dynamic analysis for robots.

Assessment of Reproductive Potential of Different Populations of Angelica glauca Edgew.,a Critically Endangered Himalayan Medicinal Herb

Angelica glauca is one of the important medicinal plants and it is widely used by indigenous communities for different purposes. The present study analyzes variability in reproductive characters of A. glauca. The reproductive parts were found having significant positive correlation with altitude (e.g.,number of umbellets /umber r= 0.857,p<0.05; umbel diameter r=0.735,p<0.05).

Internal Variable Formulations of Static and Dynamic Elastic-Plastic Problems Using Liapunov Functions： Algorithmic Aspects

The fundamental problem of an elastic-plastic body subjected to incremental loading is reviewed using a compact internal variable approach based on work carried out at the University of Cape Town in which a quadratic functional was developed for the free energy using Taylor series. Now the departure from that approach is the focus on developing the Liapunov function for the nonlinear differential equations of motion. Static and dynamic equations of motion are derived and shown to meet the requirements of the Liapunov function. As a consequence, time integration parameters that are used in the discrete formulations are easily obtained based on the same requirements. The resulting generalized Newton-Raphson scheme is stable in the sense of Liapunov＇s direct method.

Uncalibrated visual servoing design for competitive networked robots

In this paper,a method with an eye-in-hand configuration is developed to hit targets during visual tracking for the TLS(Tele-Light Saber) game.It is not necessary to calibrate camera parameters and predict the trajectory of the moving object.Firstly,the expression of the image Jacobian matrix for the eye-in-hand configuration is proposed,and then an update law is designed to estimate the image Jacobian online.Furthermore,a control scheme is presented and the Lyapunov method is employed to prove asymptotic convergence of image errors.No assumption for the moving objects is needed.Finally,both simulation and experimental results are shown to support the approach in this paper.