Three global datasets, the History Database of the Global Environment （HYDE）, Kaplan and Krurnhardt （KK） and Pongratz of reconstructed anthropogenic land cover change （ALCC） were introduced and compared in this ...Three global datasets, the History Database of the Global Environment （HYDE）, Kaplan and Krurnhardt （KK） and Pongratz of reconstructed anthropogenic land cover change （ALCC） were introduced and compared in this paper. The HYDE dataset was recon- structed by Goldewijk and his colleagues at the National institute of Public ttealth and the Environment in Netherland, covering the past 12 000 years. The KK dataset was reconstructed by Kaplan and his colleagues, the Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Research Group at the Institute of Environmental Engineering in Switzerland, covering the past 8000 years. The Pongratz dataset was reconstructed by Pon- gratz and her colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Germany, coveting AD 800-1992. The results show that the reconstructed datasets are quite different from each other due to the different methods used. The three datasets all allocated the historical ALCC according to human population density. The main reason causing the differences among the three datasets lies on the different relationships between population density and land use used in each reconstructed dataset. The KK dataset is better than the other two datasets for two important reasons. First, it used the nonlinear relationship between population density and land use, while the other two used the linear relationship. Second, Kaplan and his colleagues adopted the technological development and intensification parameters and considered the wood harvesting and the long-term fallow area resulted from shifting cultivation, which were neglected in the recon- structions of the other two datasets. Therefore, the KK dataset is more suitable as one of the anthropogenic forcing fields for climate simulation over the past two millennia that is recently concerned by two projects, the National Basic Research Program and the Strategic and Special Frontier Project of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.展开更多
This paper investigates 218 related party transactions （RPTs） in Israel, an economy characterized by a high percentage of closely-held finns and identifies a non-linear inverted U connection between the value effect...This paper investigates 218 related party transactions （RPTs） in Israel, an economy characterized by a high percentage of closely-held finns and identifies a non-linear inverted U connection between the value effect of RPT and the level of finn ownership concentration. This non-linear connection is similar to the worldwide documented quadratic （inverted U） relation between ownership concentration and a finn＇s Tobin＇s Q. The relation becomes even statistically stronger, when measuring ownership concentration using a strategic power approach, in an attempt to identify the source of this puzzling connection.展开更多
We consider a cooperative system consisting of a source node, a destination node, N （N 〉 1） wirelesspowered relays, and an eavesdropper. Each relay is assumed to be with a nonlinear energy harvester, in which there...We consider a cooperative system consisting of a source node, a destination node, N （N 〉 1） wirelesspowered relays, and an eavesdropper. Each relay is assumed to be with a nonlinear energy harvester, in which there exists a saturation threshold, limiting the level of the harvested power. For decode-and-forward and power splitting protocols, the Kth best relay is selected to assist the source-relay-destination transmission. An analytical expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived, and also verified by simulation.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Strategic and Special Frontier Project of Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA05080800)National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB950102)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40871007)
文摘Three global datasets, the History Database of the Global Environment （HYDE）, Kaplan and Krurnhardt （KK） and Pongratz of reconstructed anthropogenic land cover change （ALCC） were introduced and compared in this paper. The HYDE dataset was recon- structed by Goldewijk and his colleagues at the National institute of Public ttealth and the Environment in Netherland, covering the past 12 000 years. The KK dataset was reconstructed by Kaplan and his colleagues, the Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Research Group at the Institute of Environmental Engineering in Switzerland, covering the past 8000 years. The Pongratz dataset was reconstructed by Pon- gratz and her colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Germany, coveting AD 800-1992. The results show that the reconstructed datasets are quite different from each other due to the different methods used. The three datasets all allocated the historical ALCC according to human population density. The main reason causing the differences among the three datasets lies on the different relationships between population density and land use used in each reconstructed dataset. The KK dataset is better than the other two datasets for two important reasons. First, it used the nonlinear relationship between population density and land use, while the other two used the linear relationship. Second, Kaplan and his colleagues adopted the technological development and intensification parameters and considered the wood harvesting and the long-term fallow area resulted from shifting cultivation, which were neglected in the recon- structions of the other two datasets. Therefore, the KK dataset is more suitable as one of the anthropogenic forcing fields for climate simulation over the past two millennia that is recently concerned by two projects, the National Basic Research Program and the Strategic and Special Frontier Project of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘This paper investigates 218 related party transactions （RPTs） in Israel, an economy characterized by a high percentage of closely-held finns and identifies a non-linear inverted U connection between the value effect of RPT and the level of finn ownership concentration. This non-linear connection is similar to the worldwide documented quadratic （inverted U） relation between ownership concentration and a finn＇s Tobin＇s Q. The relation becomes even statistically stronger, when measuring ownership concentration using a strategic power approach, in an attempt to identify the source of this puzzling connection.
基金Project supported by tile National High-Tech R＆D Program （863） of China （No. 2015AA016304）, the National Natural Sci- ence Foundation of China （Nos. 61401372 and 61531016）, the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China （No. 20130182120017）, the Natural Science Foundation of CQ CSTC （Nos. cstc2013jeyjA40040 and cstc2016jcyjA2002）, the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China （No. 2016M590875）, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni- versities, China （Nos. XDJK2014A017, XDJK2015B023, and XDJK2016A011）
文摘We consider a cooperative system consisting of a source node, a destination node, N （N 〉 1） wirelesspowered relays, and an eavesdropper. Each relay is assumed to be with a nonlinear energy harvester, in which there exists a saturation threshold, limiting the level of the harvested power. For decode-and-forward and power splitting protocols, the Kth best relay is selected to assist the source-relay-destination transmission. An analytical expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived, and also verified by simulation.
