In accordance with a revision of the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, there is an accelerating trend towards charging for plastic shopping bags （PSBs） in Japan for the purpose of reducing their discharge. The...In accordance with a revision of the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, there is an accelerating trend towards charging for plastic shopping bags （PSBs） in Japan for the purpose of reducing their discharge. The objectives of this research were to gauge, by means of a questionnaire survey, the opinions of retailers with regard to charging for PSBs, and to consider future directions for reducing the quantity of waste discharged. A questionnaire survey on charging for PSBs was conducted for retail stores in Shizuoka City. The survey was carried out in two phases. The results of the first phase （August to October 2008） showed that supermarkets were generally positive, while conversely other retailer types were negative. The results of the second phase （November to December, 2010）, targeting only supermarkets that had introduced charging after the first survey, showed that there was no major confusion and the shift proceeded relatively smoothly. In addition, the number of customers did not decline on account of charging, and the ratio of shoppers bringing their own reusable ＂eco bags＂ jumped dramatically. On these accounts, it is evident that charging for PSBs is an effective means of reducing usage of PSBs. The authors view it as important for the relevant governmental agencies to work towards promoting charging at retailers and simultaneously repeatedly explaining to consumers the necessity for charging.展开更多
The author first constructs a Lie algebra ∑ ：=∑（q, Wd） from rank 3 quantum torus, which is isomorphic to the core of EALAs of type Ad-1 with coordinates in quantum torus Cqd, and then gives the necessary and suff...The author first constructs a Lie algebra ∑ ：=∑（q, Wd） from rank 3 quantum torus, which is isomorphic to the core of EALAs of type Ad-1 with coordinates in quantum torus Cqd, and then gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for the highest weight modules to be quasifinite nonzero central charges are Finally the irreducible Z-graded quasifinite ∑-modules with classified.展开更多
文摘In accordance with a revision of the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, there is an accelerating trend towards charging for plastic shopping bags （PSBs） in Japan for the purpose of reducing their discharge. The objectives of this research were to gauge, by means of a questionnaire survey, the opinions of retailers with regard to charging for PSBs, and to consider future directions for reducing the quantity of waste discharged. A questionnaire survey on charging for PSBs was conducted for retail stores in Shizuoka City. The survey was carried out in two phases. The results of the first phase （August to October 2008） showed that supermarkets were generally positive, while conversely other retailer types were negative. The results of the second phase （November to December, 2010）, targeting only supermarkets that had introduced charging after the first survey, showed that there was no major confusion and the shift proceeded relatively smoothly. In addition, the number of customers did not decline on account of charging, and the ratio of shoppers bringing their own reusable ＂eco bags＂ jumped dramatically. On these accounts, it is evident that charging for PSBs is an effective means of reducing usage of PSBs. The authors view it as important for the relevant governmental agencies to work towards promoting charging at retailers and simultaneously repeatedly explaining to consumers the necessity for charging.
基金Project supported by the Post Doctorate Research Grant from the Ministry of Science and Technologyof China (No. 20060390526)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10601057)
文摘The author first constructs a Lie algebra ∑ ：=∑（q, Wd） from rank 3 quantum torus, which is isomorphic to the core of EALAs of type Ad-1 with coordinates in quantum torus Cqd, and then gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for the highest weight modules to be quasifinite nonzero central charges are Finally the irreducible Z-graded quasifinite ∑-modules with classified.
