A statistics analysis was conducted on the basic information about fatalities from the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996. The factors include age, gender, educational background, occupation, cause of death, death place...A statistics analysis was conducted on the basic information about fatalities from the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996. The factors include age, gender, educational background, occupation, cause of death, death place, etc. We found that even though deaths caused by the Lijiang earthquake had some common features with those from earthquakes in other places in China, it also showed some specific features because of the multiracial and economically-underdeveloped situation of Lijiang area. The results reached in the paper can serve as a reference for studying the features of casualties caused by future strong earthquakes in Yunnan, and for the delicate and human-oriented emergency treatment.展开更多
On April 14, 2010, an earthquake reaching 7.1 Richter scale struck Jiegu Town of Yushu. More than 2 698 people were confirmed dead, and 12 135 were injured, of which 1 434 were severely injured. Rescue operation was c...On April 14, 2010, an earthquake reaching 7.1 Richter scale struck Jiegu Town of Yushu. More than 2 698 people were confirmed dead, and 12 135 were injured, of which 1 434 were severely injured. Rescue operation was carried out soon after the disaster; however, the rescue teams face great challenges of altitude hypoxia, freezing temperature and very bad weather. Thus, 1 434 severe injuries were rapidly transported airlifted to hospitals in Xining and neighboring provinces for effective treatment. The extremity trauma （49.9 % ） was the most common patteru of injuries. Asphyxia （40.8 % ） was by far the most important reason for death. A high incidence of acute altitude illness in the lowland rescuers was a special medical problem during the highest earthquake in Yushu. We have learned more lessons from Yushu Earthquake.展开更多
The index of casualties is introduced for the trapped that is still alive after a destructive earthquake to indicate his (her) injury degree. In order to describe the injury-developing process controlled by three fact...The index of casualties is introduced for the trapped that is still alive after a destructive earthquake to indicate his (her) injury degree. In order to describe the injury-developing process controlled by three factors: the initial injury degree, the trap surroundings and the physique of the cornered, a function SFC (State-Function of Casualties) can be naturally constructed. Through parameter analysis from eight pieces of figures, it can be found that the trapped with weaker physique and worse initial injury degree and in more adverse trap surroundings deserves sooner rescue.展开更多
Following the Chichi Earthquake （ML=7.3） in 1999, sediment-related disasters, such as landslides and debris flows, have become more frequent in Taiwan. Because engineering structures cannot be fully and rapidly empl...Following the Chichi Earthquake （ML=7.3） in 1999, sediment-related disasters, such as landslides and debris flows, have become more frequent in Taiwan. Because engineering structures cannot be fully and rapidly emplaeed, the government has initiated non-structural hazard mitigation programs. Initially, community debris flow evacuation drills were promoted in 2000. Typhoon Toraji caused numerous debris flow events in July 2001, and some communities evacuated according to the drills, significantly reducing the numbers of possible casualties. Based on that result, the government expanded the program for evacuation drills. Secondly, the early warning system created after the Chichi Earthquake will prevent many potential future casualties. Rainfall threshold values for debris flow warnings in different areas are determined from information received from local weather stations and modified for local geomorphologic situations. Real- time information is gradually being integrated to create a debris flow disaster warning system, the goal of which is to provide warnings to zones in which debris flows are likely. The warning system was launched in 2005 and has two levels of alarms： yellow and red. The final, red alarm triggers enforced evacuation. Overall, the decrease in casualties from debris flows during the decade after the Chichi Earthquake is not the result of a decrease in number or severity of sediment related disasters, but is more directly related to the gradually improved early warning and evacuation system. However, the compound hazards resulting from Typhoon Morakotin 2009 remind us of the ongoing need for improving the existing mitigation system.展开更多
Objective To investigate the possible role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Methods C- 57 BL mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP), and TUNEL and flow cytom...Objective To investigate the possible role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Methods C- 57 BL mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP), and TUNEL and flow cytometry were employed to detect neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra. Results The results of animal experiment demonstrated that the administration of MPTP 30mg/kg for 7d could induce neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra. The MPTP-induced nigral neuronal apoptosis could be completely prevented by pre-treatment of Eldepryl, an inhibitor of B typed monoamine oxidase (MAO-B);and partially protected by pre-treatment of Riluzole, an antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors. Data of cell culture experiment showed that 20mmol 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion(MPP +) induced the apoptosis of pheochromocytoma(PC12 cells), whereas 20mmol MPTP did not cause PC12 cells apoptosis. Conclusion It is concluded that the apoptotic effect of MPTP in vivo on the nigral neurons may be mediated by its intermediate metabolite MPP +. The dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra may be a common pathway of various causes that lead to the onset of Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
Based on the forming mechanism of seismic hazard risk, we established a seismic vulnerability curve on population and determined earthquake occurrence parameters. We then assessed the risk of seismic hazard mortality ...Based on the forming mechanism of seismic hazard risk, we established a seismic vulnerability curve on population and determined earthquake occurrence parameters. We then assessed the risk of seismic hazard mortality at the county level across China using the assessment model, and analyzed spatial patterns. We adopted past, present, and future disaster-breeding materials to assess the probability of earthquakes. In order to determine the earthquake parameters of 2355 counties accurately, we integrated history seismic intensities, seismic activity fault belts distributions and seismic peak ground acceleration. Based on data of seismic disasters from 1990 to 2009 in China, linear fitting between seismic intensities and mortalities was performed. And a vulnerability curve of seismic mortality, which was appropriate for seismic risk assessment, was established. Seismic mortality risks were assessed quantitatively at the county level using the model and the spatial patterns were analyzed. Seismic mortality risks of 2355 counties with intensities from Ⅴ to Ⅺ were analyzed thoroughly. This study indicates that under different seismic intensities, China’s eastern and central regions are generally confronted with higher risk than western regions. High-risk areas are scattered in Shandong and Jiangsu, northern Anhui and eastern Heilongjiang and Jilin, where populations are dense and the environment is conducive to disasters. Risk- free areas displayed patchy distributions nationwide, and patterns were mostly unchanged.展开更多
To review the challenges and countermeasures in the hospital care for Wenchuan earthquake casualties and draw lessons for the protective response in the future. Medical records and laboratory findings of the victims a...To review the challenges and countermeasures in the hospital care for Wenchuan earthquake casualties and draw lessons for the protective response in the future. Medical records and laboratory findings of the victims admitted in West China Hospital （WCH） were retro- spectively analyzed. Related data were compared between beforemath and aftermath of the earthquake and between WCH and frontier county hospitals. One thousand and thirty-one earthquake survivors were hospitalized, 1 358 victims underwent surgery and 142 victims were transferred to intensive care unit. The incidence of infection, crush syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS） was 39.6%, 20,7% and 2.3% respectively. Wound classification showed that the incidence of extremity damage was 72%, while the incidence of chest trauma, abdominal trauma and brain trauma was less than 10% respectively. Isolating rates of environmental pathogens were increased in the aftermath of earthquake, and the spectrum of the pathogens and related antibiotic sensitivities were quite different from those in the beforemath of earthquake. The social economic and population conditions in the earthquake-stricken areas affected the composition of the victims and the geographic features restricted the efficiency of rescue. Trauma-induced MODS, crush syndrome and severe infections all constituted the dilemma for the hospital care, to resolve whether the multidiscipline team work was proved to be an optimizing choice. For a more effective disaster protective response in the future, the study on rescue plan and the ladder therapies for massive casualties should be potentiated.展开更多
基金supported by the Special Fund for the Scientific Research of the Seismological Field in 2011-Research on the new pattern and key techniques of the Earthquake Emergency Decision in Southwest China (201108013 )Seismic Field Work and Study of the 2007 M6. 4 Ning'er Earthquake (201108061)
文摘A statistics analysis was conducted on the basic information about fatalities from the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996. The factors include age, gender, educational background, occupation, cause of death, death place, etc. We found that even though deaths caused by the Lijiang earthquake had some common features with those from earthquakes in other places in China, it also showed some specific features because of the multiracial and economically-underdeveloped situation of Lijiang area. The results reached in the paper can serve as a reference for studying the features of casualties caused by future strong earthquakes in Yunnan, and for the delicate and human-oriented emergency treatment.
基金"973" National Key Basic Research and Development Program (No.2012CB518202)Project of Qinghai Development of Science and Technology (No.2011-N-150)
文摘On April 14, 2010, an earthquake reaching 7.1 Richter scale struck Jiegu Town of Yushu. More than 2 698 people were confirmed dead, and 12 135 were injured, of which 1 434 were severely injured. Rescue operation was carried out soon after the disaster; however, the rescue teams face great challenges of altitude hypoxia, freezing temperature and very bad weather. Thus, 1 434 severe injuries were rapidly transported airlifted to hospitals in Xining and neighboring provinces for effective treatment. The extremity trauma （49.9 % ） was the most common patteru of injuries. Asphyxia （40.8 % ） was by far the most important reason for death. A high incidence of acute altitude illness in the lowland rescuers was a special medical problem during the highest earthquake in Yushu. We have learned more lessons from Yushu Earthquake.
文摘The index of casualties is introduced for the trapped that is still alive after a destructive earthquake to indicate his (her) injury degree. In order to describe the injury-developing process controlled by three factors: the initial injury degree, the trap surroundings and the physique of the cornered, a function SFC (State-Function of Casualties) can be naturally constructed. Through parameter analysis from eight pieces of figures, it can be found that the trapped with weaker physique and worse initial injury degree and in more adverse trap surroundings deserves sooner rescue.
基金supported by the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau,Council of Agriculture,and National Basic Research Program of China (2008CB425802)
文摘Following the Chichi Earthquake （ML=7.3） in 1999, sediment-related disasters, such as landslides and debris flows, have become more frequent in Taiwan. Because engineering structures cannot be fully and rapidly emplaeed, the government has initiated non-structural hazard mitigation programs. Initially, community debris flow evacuation drills were promoted in 2000. Typhoon Toraji caused numerous debris flow events in July 2001, and some communities evacuated according to the drills, significantly reducing the numbers of possible casualties. Based on that result, the government expanded the program for evacuation drills. Secondly, the early warning system created after the Chichi Earthquake will prevent many potential future casualties. Rainfall threshold values for debris flow warnings in different areas are determined from information received from local weather stations and modified for local geomorphologic situations. Real- time information is gradually being integrated to create a debris flow disaster warning system, the goal of which is to provide warnings to zones in which debris flows are likely. The warning system was launched in 2005 and has two levels of alarms： yellow and red. The final, red alarm triggers enforced evacuation. Overall, the decrease in casualties from debris flows during the decade after the Chichi Earthquake is not the result of a decrease in number or severity of sediment related disasters, but is more directly related to the gradually improved early warning and evacuation system. However, the compound hazards resulting from Typhoon Morakotin 2009 remind us of the ongoing need for improving the existing mitigation system.
文摘Objective To investigate the possible role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Methods C- 57 BL mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP), and TUNEL and flow cytometry were employed to detect neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra. Results The results of animal experiment demonstrated that the administration of MPTP 30mg/kg for 7d could induce neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra. The MPTP-induced nigral neuronal apoptosis could be completely prevented by pre-treatment of Eldepryl, an inhibitor of B typed monoamine oxidase (MAO-B);and partially protected by pre-treatment of Riluzole, an antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors. Data of cell culture experiment showed that 20mmol 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion(MPP +) induced the apoptosis of pheochromocytoma(PC12 cells), whereas 20mmol MPTP did not cause PC12 cells apoptosis. Conclusion It is concluded that the apoptotic effect of MPTP in vivo on the nigral neurons may be mediated by its intermediate metabolite MPP +. The dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra may be a common pathway of various causes that lead to the onset of Parkinson’s disease.
基金National Science and Technology Support Program (Grant NO.2008BAK50B05, 2008BAK50B06)
文摘Based on the forming mechanism of seismic hazard risk, we established a seismic vulnerability curve on population and determined earthquake occurrence parameters. We then assessed the risk of seismic hazard mortality at the county level across China using the assessment model, and analyzed spatial patterns. We adopted past, present, and future disaster-breeding materials to assess the probability of earthquakes. In order to determine the earthquake parameters of 2355 counties accurately, we integrated history seismic intensities, seismic activity fault belts distributions and seismic peak ground acceleration. Based on data of seismic disasters from 1990 to 2009 in China, linear fitting between seismic intensities and mortalities was performed. And a vulnerability curve of seismic mortality, which was appropriate for seismic risk assessment, was established. Seismic mortality risks were assessed quantitatively at the county level using the model and the spatial patterns were analyzed. Seismic mortality risks of 2355 counties with intensities from Ⅴ to Ⅺ were analyzed thoroughly. This study indicates that under different seismic intensities, China’s eastern and central regions are generally confronted with higher risk than western regions. High-risk areas are scattered in Shandong and Jiangsu, northern Anhui and eastern Heilongjiang and Jilin, where populations are dense and the environment is conducive to disasters. Risk- free areas displayed patchy distributions nationwide, and patterns were mostly unchanged.
文摘To review the challenges and countermeasures in the hospital care for Wenchuan earthquake casualties and draw lessons for the protective response in the future. Medical records and laboratory findings of the victims admitted in West China Hospital （WCH） were retro- spectively analyzed. Related data were compared between beforemath and aftermath of the earthquake and between WCH and frontier county hospitals. One thousand and thirty-one earthquake survivors were hospitalized, 1 358 victims underwent surgery and 142 victims were transferred to intensive care unit. The incidence of infection, crush syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS） was 39.6%, 20,7% and 2.3% respectively. Wound classification showed that the incidence of extremity damage was 72%, while the incidence of chest trauma, abdominal trauma and brain trauma was less than 10% respectively. Isolating rates of environmental pathogens were increased in the aftermath of earthquake, and the spectrum of the pathogens and related antibiotic sensitivities were quite different from those in the beforemath of earthquake. The social economic and population conditions in the earthquake-stricken areas affected the composition of the victims and the geographic features restricted the efficiency of rescue. Trauma-induced MODS, crush syndrome and severe infections all constituted the dilemma for the hospital care, to resolve whether the multidiscipline team work was proved to be an optimizing choice. For a more effective disaster protective response in the future, the study on rescue plan and the ladder therapies for massive casualties should be potentiated.
