汶川震后震害区DEM提取方法研究——以平武县为例

数字高程模型(DEM)是地理信息系统的基础数据,在与地形相关的各个领域都有非常广阔的应用前景,因此,对DEM的生产和应用研究意义重大。5.12汶川特大地震导致灾区地形严重破坏,原有的地形图及DEM数据不再具备时效性;而有效的DEM数据在当时抗震救灾和灾后重建高精度正射遥感影像地图制作、三维漫游、公路交通及地质灾害信息提取和预警预报等方面又极为重要。因此,采用何种技术方法快速获取灾区震后DEM数据是当时亟待解决的问题。利用ENVI平台,以四川省平武县为实验区,选用IRS-P5卫星遥感立体像对,尝试在不能采集到高精度地面控制点的条件下,为应急快速获取研究区震后1∶5万DEM数据的工作流程。实验结果及其精度评价表明,获取的实验区震后DEM精度达到了1∶5万或更高比例尺DEM精度标准。该研究方法及提取DEM的工作流程对类似地区应急条件下提取达到一定精度要求的DEM有实用参考价值。

唐山地震区域震害异常区分析

地震造成的灾难非常严重,会在短时间内造成大量的建筑物倒塌和人员伤亡。地震具有很强的突发性,就人类目前的科技水平很难预测,但是可以通过对以往地震的研究分析,发现地震灾害的特点,为尽可能减小震害损失提供依据。通过分析唐山地震后房屋损坏、地裂缝分布、液化分布、地面垂直变形等特征,发现这些震害的发育程度并不是与距震中距离成正比,而是在某一区域各种震害反应都很强烈,而在这一区域以外,震害反应较轻,可以将震害反应强烈的区域称为震害高异常区。通过对唐山地区构造格局分析发现,震害高异常区处于该地区几条控震断裂与发震断裂所围成的内向地块,震前圈定这些震害高异常区对抗震和防震具有重要意义,可以在地震未发生时,通过对区域构造的分析,发现震害高异常区,采取相应措施减小损失。

多尺度下的遥感震害异常区快速提取方法

地震灾害发生后的不同时期对震害信息提取速度和精度的要求有所不同,采用多尺度下的遥感震害异常区快速提取技术,针对灾害发生后的不同时期采用不同分辨率遥感影像和方法提取震害信息。选取北川县Modis,TM,航飞低、中、高分辨率数据,采用多时相变化监测,单时相多尺度分割和面向对象分类方法对遥感震害异常区提取。结果表明,多尺度下的遥感震害异常区快速提取技术能够有效解决该问题。

Damage and Seismic Intensity in the Meizoseismal Region of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan,China

This paper presents the damage in the meizoseismal region of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China,and the seismic intensities determined according to "the Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale",and discusses briefly the types of earthquake-generating faults and some features of seismic damage.

Volunteer Activities in Time of Disaster in Japan＇s Highly Information-Oriented Society

This study aims to clarify the characteristics of volunteer activities in times of disaster, while taking into account the influence of the orientation towards information intensity, which is an important feature of contemporary Japanese society, and focusing on the volunteer activities for recovery and reconstruction in the disaster-stricken areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake. In modern Japanese society, because volunteer activities are being conducted in a variety of forms, those who wish to volunteer can participate in volunteer activities that suit their own situation. Further, in a highly information-oriented society such as modern Japan, many kinds of information systems can be used to conduct a variety of volunteer activities. Also, know-how concerning the introduction and methods of volunteer activity and recruitment for participants in volunteer activities are introduced using various information media, and there are many volunteer activities to choose from. Therefore, it is possible that through the diversification of volunteer activities, many people become involved in volunteer activities on a long-term basis, using ways of doing so that are possible for themselves.

A Modified Certainty Coefficient Method(M-CF) for Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment:A Case Study for the Wenchuan Earthquake Meizoseismal Areas

In the meizoseismal areas hit by the China Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008, the disasterprone environment has changed dramatically, making the susceptibility assessment of debris flow more complex and uncertain. After the earthquake, debris flow hazards occurred frequently and effective susceptibility assessment of debris flow has become extremely important. Shenxi gully in Du Jiangyan city, located in the meizoseismal areas, was selected as the study area. Based on the research of disaster-prone environment and the main factors controlling debris flow, the susceptibility zonations of debris flow were mapped using factor weight method(FW), certainty coefficient method(CF) and geomorphic information entropy method(GI). Through comparative analysis, the study showed that these three methods underestimated susceptible degree of debris flow when used in the meizoseismal areas of Wenchuan earthquake. In order to solve this problem, this paper developed a modified certainty coefficient method(M-CF) to reflect the impact of rich loose materials on the susceptible degree of debris flow. In the modified method, the distribution and area of loose materials were obtained by field investigations and postearthquake remote sensing image, and four data sets, namely, lithology, elevation, slop and aspect, wereused to calculate the CF values. The result of M-CF method is in agreement with field investigations and the accuracy of the method is satisfied. The method has a wide application to the susceptibility assessment of debris flow in the earthquake stricken areas.

Analysis on Characteristics of Seismic Damage of the Nepal M_S8.1 Earthquake in the Tibet Area of China

On April 25,2015,a M_S8. 1 earthquake occurred in Nepal. In the Tibet area of China,this earthquake caused heavy casualties and damage to housing,roads,communications,other lifeline engineering, water conservancy and other infrastructure. This paper introduces the basic situation of the earthquake,and based on the investigation and assessment of seismic intensity,the damage of the disaster area is analyzed,and building types and damage to the lifeline systems and various industries are given. Through the analysis of the characteristics of the earthquake disaster,this paper points out the existing problems in seismic fortification,and finally puts forward proposals for the prevention and control of earthquake geological disasters, scientific planning for the restoration and reconstruction,strengthening earthquake prevention and disaster reduction propaganda,improving the awareness of earthquake preparedness in the agricultural and pastoral areas,strengthening the guidance and supervision of housing construction in rural areas to reduce the casualties and losses,and promoting the harmonious development of economy in Tibet.

Study on the Determination of the Significant National Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions

The paper describes firstly the principles and scientific train of thought involved in determining the significant seismic monitoring and protection regions (SSMPR) in China. The principles include the gradation principle, i.e. the national level SSMPR and the provincial level SSMPR, the principle of highlighting priorities, namely, the area of an SSMPR should be a fraction of the total area of the country or of the respective province, but the earthquake losses incurred in SSMPR should be a major proportion of the national or provincial ones. The scientific train of thought adopted is to determine the SSMPR on the basis of seismic hazard assessment and loss estimation. Secondly, it reviews the achievements in determining the SSMPRs for the period from 1996 to 2005. The result shows that 10 strong earthquakes occurred during that period in the areas with earthquake monitoring and prediction capability available on the Chinese continent, 8 of which occurred in SSMPRs with the economic loss and death toll accounting for 67% and 92% of the total loss on the Chinese mainland. Lastly, the paper introduces preparatory research for determining the SSMPR for the period from 2006 to 2020, including decade-scale mid-and long-range seismic risk assessment based on seismology, seismogeology, geodesy, earthquake engineering, sociology and stochastics and so on, and the national seismic risk probability map, the seismic hazard (intensity) map, earthquake disaster losses map and the comprehensive seismic risk index, etc. obtained for the period of 2006 to 2020.

An Earthquake Catalogue for El Salvador and Neighboring Central American Countries （1528-2009） and Its Implication in the Seismic Hazard Assessment

Merging all available databases, a comprehensive and updated earthquake catalogue for El Salvador and surrounding areas has been compiled, containing a total of 2,584 events for the period 1528-2009, covering the geographic window delimited by the coordinates 11.0°-16.5° N and 85.5°-92.0° W, focal depths of 0.0 to 304 km, and the moment magnitudes in the interval 5.0 〈 Mw 〈 8.1. Events in the catalogue are distributed into six seismogenic sources taking into consideration the tectonic regime affecting E1 Salvador, the interplay and complexities between shallow crustal, intraplate and interface subduction seismicity has been thoroughly investigated, primarily with the aim of developing detail criteria to delimit the seismogenic sources in order to perform a consistent seismic hazard assessment. A uniform hazard spectrum for San Salvador and seismic hazard maps and their uncertainty have been calculated for the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions using zone and zone free methods. The references cited in the article constitute a comprehensive list of sources of information on the tectonics and seismicity of El Salvador and neighboring Central American countries.

Checking of seismic and tsunami hazard for coastal NPP of Chinese continent after Fukushima nuclear accident

A checking on seismic and tsunami hazard for coastal nuclear power plant (NPP) of Chinese continent has been made after Japanese Fukushima nuclear accident caused by earthquake tsunami. The results of the checking are introduced briefly in this paper,including the evaluations of seismic and tsunami hazard in NPP siting period,checking results on seismic and tsunami hazard. Because Chinese coastal area belongs to the continental shelf and far from the boundary of plate collision,the tsunami hazard is not significant for coastal area of Chinese continent. However,the effect from tsunami still can't be excluded absolutely since calculated result of Manila trench tsunami source although the tsunami wave is lower than water level from storm surge. The research about earthquake tsunami will continue in future. The tsunami warning system and emergency program of NPP will be established based on principle of defense in depth in China.

The Role of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions Institution:From the Perspective of the RiskSociety Theory

Earthquake disaster risk,as a typical social disaster risk,is one of the most important risks in modern Chinese society.This study gives definitions of the institution,describes the formation history,the connotations and development and analyzes its role in the control of major social risks caused by earthquakes.Finally,the paper presents recommendations for continuous improvement of this institution under the guidance of risk society theory,and for its application to the government reform and social governance.