青藏高原区域特色经济发展总体构想

本文论述了青藏高原是一个独特的区域,也是一个极不发达的地区,更是一个以藏族为主体的多民族聚居地特色经济发展对青藏高原区域民族经济发展有着极其重要的意义。本文着重用新思路、新举措,从青藏高原区域特色经济发展的目标,发展重点及其区域定位布局来构建青藏高原区域特色经济发展的框架及总体构想,并提出了实现这一构想的政策保障措施。

青藏高原区域河谷盆地灌区春青稞品种区域试验

以青藏高原区域主要春青稞新品种(系)为试验材料,通过对春青稞新品种(系)进行适应性、丰产性、稳产性鉴定,为河谷盆地灌溉产区筛选高产、超高产适宜推广的接班品种。结果表明,参试的15个品种(系)中,2年平均产量较对照品种藏青25增产的有10个品种(系),其产量增幅为1.30%~27.28%,其中QB14(5 172.41 kg/hm^2)较对照增产27.78%,经济性状及抗逆性等综合性状都表现较好。

青藏高原区域不同功能群植物氮磷生态化学计量学特征

生态化学计量学为揭示植物养分利用状况及植物对环境的适应策略提供了重要手段,研究不同功能群植物在区域尺度生态化学计量学特征中所产生的贡献,有助于揭示区域尺度植物元素特征的形成机制。已有研究多是从不同功能群植物元素生态化学计量学特征的比较上进行分析,未能对每种功能群植物元素含量随地理因子和气候因子的变化规律展开探讨。基于生态化学计量学理论,对青藏高原区域不同功能群植物(豆科、禾本科、莎草科、杂类草)叶片水平N、P元素含量随纬度、海拔、年降水量、年均温度的变化规律展开研究,探讨不同植物功能群在区域尺度植物生态化学计量学特征中所产生的贡献,尝试从植物功能群角度揭示青藏高原高寒区域N、P元素含量特征的形成机制。结果显示,1)不同功能群植物叶片元素含量差异显著,豆科植物N、P元素含量最高,禾本科植物N、P含量最低,N/P比值在不同功能群间差异不显著;2)随纬度变化,莎草科植物P元素及杂类草N元素含量变化显著;随海拔变化,豆科、禾本科植物及杂类草叶片N元素含量变化较为显著;随年降水量和年均温度的变化,杂类草和莎草科植物叶片N、P含量变化显著;3)莎草科植物N、P含量对纬度和降水的响应趋势与区域内所有植物叶片N、P含量对纬度和降水的响应趋势一致,豆科、禾本科及杂类草植物叶片元素含量对海拔和温度的响应趋势与区域内所有植物叶片元素平均含量对海拔和温度的响应趋势一致。研究表明,不同功能群植物元素特征对环境因子的响应不同,植物功能群组成对区域尺度植物生态化学计量学特征有重要作用,但在较大的植物结构层次上(如植物群落、生态系统、区域或全球尺度等),不同功能群植物之间的相互组合会抵消或掩盖掉某一类群的特性,从而对区域尺度植物元素特征的变化规律产生影响。

Projected changes in extreme snowfall events over the Tibetan Plateau based on a set of RCM simulations

Extreme snowfall events over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)cause considerable damage to local society and natural ecosystems.In this study,the authors investigate the projected changes in such events over the TP and its surrounding areas based on an ensemble of a set of 21st century climate change projections using a regional climate model,RegCM4.The model is driven by five CMIP5 global climate models at a grid spacing of 25 km,under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 pathways.Four modified ETCCDI extreme indices-namely,SNOWTOT,S1mm,S10mm,and Sx5day-are employed to characterize the extreme snowfall events.RegCM4 generally reproduces the spatial distribution of the indices over the region,although with a tendency of overestimation.For the projected changes,a general decrease in SNOWTOT is found over most of the TP,with greater magnitude and better cross-simulation agreement over the eastern part.All the simulations project an overall decrease in S1mm,ranging from a 25%decrease in the west and to a 50%decrease in the east of the TP.Both S10mm and Sx5day are projected to decrease over the eastern part and increase over the central and western parts of the TP.Notably,S10mm shows a marked increase(more than double)with high cross-simulation agreement over the central TP.Significant increases in all four indices are found over the Tarim and Qaidam basins,and northwestern China north of the TP.The projected changes show topographic dependence over the TP in the latitudinal direction,and tend to decrease/increase in low-/high-altitude areas.

Species-area relationship within and across functional groups at alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau,China

The species-area relationship （SAR） is one of the most fundamental concepts in community ecology and is helpful for biodiversity conservation. However, few studies have systematically addressed this topic for different alpine grassland types on the Tibetan Plateau, China. We explored whether the plant composition of different functional groups affects the manner in which species richness inereases with increasing area at scales ≤ 1.0 m^2. We also compared species richness （S） within and across forbs, legumes, sedges and grasses, with sampling subplot area （A） increasing from 0.0625 m^2 to 1.0 m^2 between alpine meadow and steppe communities. We applied a logarithmic function （S = b0 ＋ b1 ln A） to determine the slope and intercept of SAR curves within and across functional groups. The results showed that the logarithmic relationship holds true between species richness and sampling area at these small scales. Both the intercept and slope of the logarithmic forbs-area curves are significantly higher than those for the three other functional groups （P 〈 0.05）. Forb accounts for about 91.9 % of the variation in the intercept and 75.0% of the variation in the slope of the SAR curve when all functional groups＇ data were pooled together. Our results indicated that the different SAR patterns should be linked with species dispersal capabilities, environmental filtering, and life form composition within alpine grassland communities. Further studies on the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functions should specify the differential responses of different functional groups to variations in climate and anthropogenic disturbances.

Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration in Alpine Area and Its Response to Land Use Change:A Case Study in Three-River Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Three-River Headwaters （TRH） region involved in this paper refers to the source region of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River, the Huanghe （Yellow） River and the Lancang River in China. Taking the TRH region of the Qing- hai-Tibet Plateau as a case, the annual evapotranspiration （ET） model developed by Zhang et al. （2001） was applied to evaluate mean annual ET in the alpine area, and the response of annual ET to land use change was analyzed. The plant-available water coefficient （w） of Zhang＇s model was revised by using vegetation-temperature condition index （VTCI） before annual ET was calculated in alpine area. The future land use scenario, an input of ET model, was spa- tially simulated by using the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent （CLUE-S） to study the re- sponse of ET to land use change. Results show that the relative errors between the simulated ET and that calculated by using water balance equation were 3.81% and the index of agreement was 0.69. This indicates that Zhang＇s ET model based on revised plant-available water coefficient is a scientific and practical tool to estimate the annual ET in the al- pine area. The annual ET in 2000 in the study area was 221.2 ram, 11.6 mm more than that in 1980. Average annual ET decreased from southeast to northwest, but the change of annual ET between 1980 and 2000 increased from southeast to northwest. As a vast and sparsely populated area, the population in the TRH region was extremely unbalanced and land use change was concentrated in very small regions. Thus, land use change had little effect on total annual ET in the study area but a great impact on its spatial distribution, and the effect of land use change on ET decreased with in- creasing precipitation. ET was most sensitive to the interconversion between forest and unused land, and was least sen- sitive to the interconversion between cropland and low-covered grassland.

中国草地样带不同功能群植物叶片氮磷含量随水热因子的变化规律

中国草地样带贯穿我国主要草原区域,具有规律性的草地类型转换和气候条件变化,探究其不同功能群植物氮磷含量随水热因子(温度和降水)的变化规律,对于揭示区域植物N、P元素特征对气候变化的响应机制具有重要意义。本文以中国草地样带为平台,共设置132个样地,采集329份植物叶片样品,基于生态化学计量学理论,对中国草地样带青藏高原高寒区域和内蒙古温性草原区域植物群落功能群组成(豆科、禾本科、莎草科、杂类草)进行N、P元素组分分析,揭示青藏高原高寒区域和内蒙古温性草原区域植物N、P元素含量随温度和降水的变化规律。结果显示:1)青藏高原高寒区域的植物N、P元素含量显著高于内蒙古温性草原区域;2)豆科植物N、P元素含量最高,禾草类植物N、P元素含量最低;3)总体上,随年降水量和年均温度变化,不同功能群中仅杂类草与莎草科植物叶片N、P元素含量变化显著。研究表明,物种组成会影响到草地植被N、P元素生态化学计量学特征,不同功能群植物N、P元素含量对温度和降水变化的响应不同,杂类草和莎草科植物元素含量对中国草地样带植物整体水平N、P元素含量随水热因子的变化规律有重要贡献。

Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.

Can the tropical storms originated from the Bay of Bengal impact the precipitation and soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau?

This study investigates the impacts of tropical storms originated from the Bay of Bengal(BOBTSs) on the precipitation and soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in April–June(AMJ) and September–December(SOND) during 1981–2011 based on the best track dataset provided by Joint Typhoon Warning Centre(JTWC). Results indicate that there are about 1.35 BOBTSs influence the TP in each year and most of them occurred in May and October, and the BOBTSs in AMJ influence the TP with larger extension and higher latitudes than those in SOND. The maximum regional precipitation induced by the BOBTSs accounts for more than 50% for the total precipitation in the corresponding month and about 20% for the season. Further analysis reveals that the surface soil moisture anomalies induced by the BOBTSs can persist only 20–25 days in AMJ, and the case is also true for the snow depth in SOND. Numerical simulations by using the regional climate model of Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) suggest that the soil moisture anomalies in the sub-surface can last 2 months whereas for the surface it can persist only about 20 days, which agrees well with the observation analysis. Overall, the effect of the preceding BOBTSs on the snow depth and soil moisture anomalies over the TP cannot maintain to summer, and there is no robust connection between the BOBTSs and summer precipitation anomalies in East China. Moreover, since the mid-1990 s, the spring rainfall induced by the BOBTSs over the TP seems to be enhanced to a certain degree because of the intensified BOBTSs.

Characteristics of the crustal magnetic anomaly and regional tectonics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the adjacent areas

Study of the characteristics of the crustal magnetic anomaly in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the adjacent areas helps better understand the lithospheric structure and evolution, as well as the regional geodynamic processes. Here we analyze the distri- bution laws of the crustal magnetic anomaly and its vertical gradient, the decay characteristics of the anomaly, the contribu- tions from different wavelength bands to the anomaly, and the relationship between the anomaly and the crustal regional tec- tonics in the plateau and nearby, based on a new and higher degree geomagnetic model NGDC-EMM-720-V3 constructed from the surface, aeromagnetic, marine and satellite survey data. The results reveal that the positive and negative anomalies in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are weak, while those of the surrounding areas are strong. The boundary agrees well with the border of the plateau regional tectonics. The anomaly is nearly east-west in the central and western plateau, arc-shaped in the south- western and eastern, and nearly north-south in the southeastern, consistent with the tectonic trends. There are strong negative anomaly loci in the east and west syntaxis, whereas no significant differences exist among the Cenozoic blocks in the plateau interior. No direct correspondence exists between the anomaly and the crustal depth. On the background of a weak magnetic anomaly in the plateau, relatively stronger short wavelength fields from the shallower crust are overlapped in the Lhasa, Qilian, Qaidam, and Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic blocks. A strong negative anomaly in the east-west direction is distributed along the Himalayas, mainly caused by the middle and long wavelength bands in the deep and central crust. The magnetic structural lay- ers are stable in the Sichuan and Tarim basins. The anomalies at different altitudes over the southern plateau vary strongly, showing a drastic variation in the magnetic structure from the deep crust to the shallow crust.