In this study,the characteristics of Electromagnetic(EM) radiation caused by Electrostatic Discharges(ESDs) from metal spheres charged to voltages less than 1 kV are examined experimentally.Our experimental system con...In this study,the characteristics of Electromagnetic(EM) radiation caused by Electrostatic Discharges(ESDs) from metal spheres charged to voltages less than 1 kV are examined experimentally.Our experimental system consists of a pair of spherical electrodes of different diameters,a 1-18 GHz-bandwidth horn antenna and a 20-GHz-bandwidth digitizing oscilloscope.Polarization,waveform duration and peaks of antenna-received voltages from the EM field radiation are measured in order to clarify the EM radiation mechanism.The ratio of the received voltages between the antenna arrangements of the field polarization parallel and perpendicular to the spark pass is 18 to 20 dB.The polarities of the antenna-received voltages are the same as those of the charge voltages across the gap.Moreover,the waveform duration and the first peaks increase with an increase in the diameters of the spherical electrodes.Consequently,we find that the polarization,waveform duration and first peaks of the EM field radiation can be explained by a dipole antenna structure,which makes the spark part of the spherical electrodes a feeding point on the straight line passing through the centres of the two spheres.展开更多
This article reviews the up-to-date progress in mechanocaloric effect and materials near ambient temperature. For elastocaloric materials, we focus on directly measured temperature change and its entropy origin in non...This article reviews the up-to-date progress in mechanocaloric effect and materials near ambient temperature. For elastocaloric materials, we focus on directly measured temperature change and its entropy origin in nonmagnetic and magnetic shape memory alloys. In terms of barocaloric materials, change in magnetic state, volume and shift of transition temperature due to hydrostatic pressure are systematically compared. We propose advantages and challenges of elastocaloric materials for solidstate cooling. Strategies to enhance elastocaloric and mechanical stability under long-term mechanical cycles are presented. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the prospect of elastocaloric cooling application.展开更多
The impact of a rigid body(protected structure) together with cushion material(cellular metal foam) on hard ground from a fixed height was investigated.An analytical one-degree-of-freedom colliding model(ODF-CM) was e...The impact of a rigid body(protected structure) together with cushion material(cellular metal foam) on hard ground from a fixed height was investigated.An analytical one-degree-of-freedom colliding model(ODF-CM) was established to analyze the protection ability and energy absorption by the foam under low velocity impact conditions.For validation,drop hammer experiments were carried out for high porosity closed-cell aluminum foam specimens subjected to low velocity impact loading.The dynamic deformation behavior of the specimen was observed and the velocity attenuation of the drop hammer was measured.The results demonstrated that the aluminum foam had excellent energy absorption capabilities,with its dynamic compressive behavior similar to that obtained under quasi-static loading conditions.Finite element method(FEM) was subsequently employed to obtain stress distributions in the foam specimen.As the propagating period of stress in the specimen was far less than the duration of attenuation,the evolution of the stress was similar to that under quasi-static loading conditions and no obvious stress wave effect was observed,which agreed with the experimental observation.Finally,the predicted velocity attenuation by the ODF-CM was compared with both the experimental measurements and FEM simulation,and good agreements were achieved when the stress distribution was considered to be uniform and the "quasi-static" compressive properties are employed.展开更多
文摘In this study,the characteristics of Electromagnetic(EM) radiation caused by Electrostatic Discharges(ESDs) from metal spheres charged to voltages less than 1 kV are examined experimentally.Our experimental system consists of a pair of spherical electrodes of different diameters,a 1-18 GHz-bandwidth horn antenna and a 20-GHz-bandwidth digitizing oscilloscope.Polarization,waveform duration and peaks of antenna-received voltages from the EM field radiation are measured in order to clarify the EM radiation mechanism.The ratio of the received voltages between the antenna arrangements of the field polarization parallel and perpendicular to the spark pass is 18 to 20 dB.The polarities of the antenna-received voltages are the same as those of the charge voltages across the gap.Moreover,the waveform duration and the first peaks increase with an increase in the diameters of the spherical electrodes.Consequently,we find that the polarization,waveform duration and first peaks of the EM field radiation can be explained by a dipole antenna structure,which makes the spark part of the spherical electrodes a feeding point on the straight line passing through the centres of the two spheres.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51371184)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LR14E010001)
文摘This article reviews the up-to-date progress in mechanocaloric effect and materials near ambient temperature. For elastocaloric materials, we focus on directly measured temperature change and its entropy origin in nonmagnetic and magnetic shape memory alloys. In terms of barocaloric materials, change in magnetic state, volume and shift of transition temperature due to hydrostatic pressure are systematically compared. We propose advantages and challenges of elastocaloric materials for solidstate cooling. Strategies to enhance elastocaloric and mechanical stability under long-term mechanical cycles are presented. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the prospect of elastocaloric cooling application.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China ("973" Project)(Grant No. 2011CB610305)the National "111" Project of China (Grant No. B06024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10825210,11072188)
文摘The impact of a rigid body(protected structure) together with cushion material(cellular metal foam) on hard ground from a fixed height was investigated.An analytical one-degree-of-freedom colliding model(ODF-CM) was established to analyze the protection ability and energy absorption by the foam under low velocity impact conditions.For validation,drop hammer experiments were carried out for high porosity closed-cell aluminum foam specimens subjected to low velocity impact loading.The dynamic deformation behavior of the specimen was observed and the velocity attenuation of the drop hammer was measured.The results demonstrated that the aluminum foam had excellent energy absorption capabilities,with its dynamic compressive behavior similar to that obtained under quasi-static loading conditions.Finite element method(FEM) was subsequently employed to obtain stress distributions in the foam specimen.As the propagating period of stress in the specimen was far less than the duration of attenuation,the evolution of the stress was similar to that under quasi-static loading conditions and no obvious stress wave effect was observed,which agreed with the experimental observation.Finally,the predicted velocity attenuation by the ODF-CM was compared with both the experimental measurements and FEM simulation,and good agreements were achieved when the stress distribution was considered to be uniform and the "quasi-static" compressive properties are employed.
