词项的指示性使用和谓述性使用——反驳严格指示词和非严格指示词的区分

在区分自然语言中词项(包括专名、摹状词、自然种类词等)的指示性使用和谓述性使用的基础上,可以对克里普克关于严格指示词和非严格指示词的区分提出系统性反驳。这一反驳基于如下6个断言:(1)在不同的语境中,大多数词项都有指示性使用和谓述性使用,不论它们是做句子的主词还是谓词。(2)对于专名和自然种类词来说,其指示性使用是第一位的,其谓述性使用寄生于前者。(3)对于限定摹状词来说,其谓述性使用是第一位的,其指示性使用寄生于前者。(4)指示性使用和谓述性使用的区分是语义的而非语用的。(5)指示性使用和谓述性使用的区分是对当代语言哲学的新添加,因为它不同于先前已有的其他区分,如指称性用法和归属性用法,语义指称和说话者指称,从言模态和从物模态,宽辖域和窄辖域,歧义指称,以及有关专名的谓述主义。(6)基于指示性使用和谓述性使用的区分,对"亚里士多德可能不是亚里士多德"和"亚里士多德可能不是亚历山大的老师"这两个句子,可以分别给出为真的解读和为假的解读。根据这一事实以及其他理由,可以推知:克里普克关于严格指示词和非严格指示词的区分是失败的。

Direct Adaptive Fuzzy Based Backstepping Control of Semi Strict Feedback Nonlinear Systems

In this paper, a direct adaptive fuzzy tracking control is proposed for a class of uncertain single-input single-output nonlinear semi-strict feedback systems. Based on Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy systems, a direct adaptive fuzzy tracking controller is developed by using the backstepping approach. The main advantage of the developed method is that for an n-th order system, only one parameter is needed to be adjusted online. It is proven that, under the appropriate assumptions, the developed scheme can achieve that the output system converges to a small neighborhood of the reference signal and all the signals in the closed-loop system remain bounded. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is investigated by an illustrative simulation example of one link robot.

FORMATION OF SINGULARITIES FOR A KIND OF QUASILINEAR NON-STRICTLY HYPERBOLIC SYSTEM

The author gets a blow-up result of C1 solution to the Cauchy problem for a first order quasilinear non-strictly hyperbolic system in one space dimension.