Nonwovens are fiber materials which are based on nonwoven technologies. For the complexity and randomness of nonwovens morphologic structures, it is difficult to express them effectively using classical method. Fracta...Nonwovens are fiber materials which are based on nonwoven technologies. For the complexity and randomness of nonwovens morphologic structures, it is difficult to express them effectively using classical method. Fractal geometry gives us a new idea and a powerful tool to study on irregularity of geometric objects. Therefore, we studied on the pore size, pore shape, pore size distribution and fiber orientation distribution of real nonwovens using fractal geometry combined with computer image analysis to evaluate nonwovens’ morphologic structures.展开更多
The aim of the study was to assess the flow and inventory values of non-timber foret products （NTFPs）. The methods used for user surveys included literature research, community consultations, household visits and in...The aim of the study was to assess the flow and inventory values of non-timber foret products （NTFPs）. The methods used for user surveys included literature research, community consultations, household visits and interviews, household profiles and economic valuation models. Resource surveys incorporated a total often sampling plots （50 m × 50 m） under each landscape area in each study area and economic valuation of standing stock. The findings of the study re-affirm that NTFPs play a crucial role on the provision of subsistence and income to people＇s livelihoods, especially the poor and marginalized communities. Harvesting patterns of NTFPs normally vary within and between communities and villages adjacent to natural forests and woodlands. Increased and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs often leads to disappearance of numerous plant species and ultimately forest degradation. The key factors determining the variability in harvested quantities and values per household are： the wealth status, variability of species per site, season and duration of harvesting, commercialization, number of accessible natural woodlands within a site, need and demand, the household profile with regard to gender and age, and farm gate price differences. The study ultimately recommended that government, private sector, NGOs, communities, individuals, all interested and affected parties work together towards matching resource use with resource availability in order to promote sustainable resource use.展开更多
Xcc （Xanthomonas citri subsp, citri） causes citrus bacterial canker, a leaf, stem and fruit spotting disease that affects most commercial citrus species and cultivars. Copper compounds, widely used for management of...Xcc （Xanthomonas citri subsp, citri） causes citrus bacterial canker, a leaf, stem and fruit spotting disease that affects most commercial citrus species and cultivars. Copper compounds, widely used for management of this pathogen, have been reported as inducers of a VBNC （viable but non-culturable state） in plant pathogenic bacteria. VBNC may be considered as a state preceding bacterial death or as a survival mechanism under adverse conditions. Several experiments were performed to characterize the reversibility and persistence of the VBNC state in Xcc. VBNC was induced in low nutrient medium or with amendment of copper at concentrations used for field disease control. The VBNC condition was demonstrated to persist up to 150 days after copper treatment and was reversed after the addition of culture media without copper or amendment with citrus leaf extract. Xcc viability was evaluated by recovery of colonies on culture media, confirmed by membrane integrity, respiratory activity and by real-time RT-PCR targeting a sequence from the gumD gene. Besides, the colonies recovered were pathogenic on citrus leaves. These results confirm that the VBNC state in Xcc is inducible and reversible and therefore may occur in the phyllosphere when Xcc is under copper stress or starvation.展开更多
文摘Nonwovens are fiber materials which are based on nonwoven technologies. For the complexity and randomness of nonwovens morphologic structures, it is difficult to express them effectively using classical method. Fractal geometry gives us a new idea and a powerful tool to study on irregularity of geometric objects. Therefore, we studied on the pore size, pore shape, pore size distribution and fiber orientation distribution of real nonwovens using fractal geometry combined with computer image analysis to evaluate nonwovens’ morphologic structures.
文摘The aim of the study was to assess the flow and inventory values of non-timber foret products （NTFPs）. The methods used for user surveys included literature research, community consultations, household visits and interviews, household profiles and economic valuation models. Resource surveys incorporated a total often sampling plots （50 m × 50 m） under each landscape area in each study area and economic valuation of standing stock. The findings of the study re-affirm that NTFPs play a crucial role on the provision of subsistence and income to people＇s livelihoods, especially the poor and marginalized communities. Harvesting patterns of NTFPs normally vary within and between communities and villages adjacent to natural forests and woodlands. Increased and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs often leads to disappearance of numerous plant species and ultimately forest degradation. The key factors determining the variability in harvested quantities and values per household are： the wealth status, variability of species per site, season and duration of harvesting, commercialization, number of accessible natural woodlands within a site, need and demand, the household profile with regard to gender and age, and farm gate price differences. The study ultimately recommended that government, private sector, NGOs, communities, individuals, all interested and affected parties work together towards matching resource use with resource availability in order to promote sustainable resource use.
文摘Xcc （Xanthomonas citri subsp, citri） causes citrus bacterial canker, a leaf, stem and fruit spotting disease that affects most commercial citrus species and cultivars. Copper compounds, widely used for management of this pathogen, have been reported as inducers of a VBNC （viable but non-culturable state） in plant pathogenic bacteria. VBNC may be considered as a state preceding bacterial death or as a survival mechanism under adverse conditions. Several experiments were performed to characterize the reversibility and persistence of the VBNC state in Xcc. VBNC was induced in low nutrient medium or with amendment of copper at concentrations used for field disease control. The VBNC condition was demonstrated to persist up to 150 days after copper treatment and was reversed after the addition of culture media without copper or amendment with citrus leaf extract. Xcc viability was evaluated by recovery of colonies on culture media, confirmed by membrane integrity, respiratory activity and by real-time RT-PCR targeting a sequence from the gumD gene. Besides, the colonies recovered were pathogenic on citrus leaves. These results confirm that the VBNC state in Xcc is inducible and reversible and therefore may occur in the phyllosphere when Xcc is under copper stress or starvation.
