To illustrate the irregular and non-standardized sign design in the landscape architecture,itis necessary to research the history of landscape architecture and the function of signs.Design of signs inlandscape archite...To illustrate the irregular and non-standardized sign design in the landscape architecture,itis necessary to research the history of landscape architecture and the function of signs.Design of signs inlandscape architecture is a practical system.The guidance system is an essential part of it,and aestheticand art is second to the guidance system.Likewise,aesthetic and art could not highlight the achievement ofart and personality,and design of signs could not separate from the guidance system.In China,nowadays,standardization of sign design in landscape architecture should break down language and cultural barriers,as well as bringing International style and carrying Chinese characteristics.展开更多
The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances t...The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances the efficacy of IAS control. The aim of this study is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the policy framework guiding the control of the spreading of Acacia mearnsii and other IAS in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa,as well as the implementation of restorative measures in the park and adjacent communities in line with the recommendations of the Convention on Biodiversity. A comparative analysis of this framework and the hierarchical framework that was developed during the European Union Conference on Freshwater Invasives- Networking for Strategy in 2013 is undertaken. The results indicate the need to strengthen parkcommunity relations,upgrade existing legislation,and boost the technical capacity of South African national parks to identify,detect,monitor and predict IAS invasions,both within the parks and their surroundings. This knowledge is important for developing future policies on IAS control in South Africa.展开更多
Anxi is the largest producing area of Tie Guanyin tea in China. “The cultural system of Tie Guanyin tea in Anxi” was selected as “Nationaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems” （China-NIAHS） in 2014. Tea gar...Anxi is the largest producing area of Tie Guanyin tea in China. “The cultural system of Tie Guanyin tea in Anxi” was selected as “Nationaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems” （China-NIAHS） in 2014. Tea gardens in this region are organic, ecological or non-ecological. After sampling the soil in these three kinds of tea gardens, we compared soil properties and nutrient content at different soil depths using physical and chemical analyses. Our aim was to provide a scientiifc basis for the management of tea plantations. We measured and analyzed soil in two organic, three ecological and one non-ecological tea gardens at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in Anxi County. According to Duncan multiple comparisons and t tests, soil nutrients differed between organic and ecological or non-ecological tea gardens at 0–10 cm. Organic matter and total nitrogen differed between organic and non-ecological tea garden soils at 10–20 cm. In organic tea gardens, soil bulk density, porosity, relative water content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were advantageous for tea tree growth. In ecological tea gardens, the indicators were appropriate and relatively advantageous for tea tree growth at a soil depth of 0–10 cm. For non-ecological tea garden, the nutrients were at a compact level and negatively affect tea growth. These results show that soil properties and nutrient content in organic and ecological tea gardens are superior to non-ecological tea garden. The development of organic tea gardens is the most suitable strategy for the growth of tea trees.展开更多
Camivores play a central role in ecosystem processes by exerting top-down control, while fire exerts bottom-up con- trol in ecosystems throughout the world, yet, little is known about how fire affects short-term carni...Camivores play a central role in ecosystem processes by exerting top-down control, while fire exerts bottom-up con- trol in ecosystems throughout the world, yet, little is known about how fire affects short-term carnivore distributions across the landscape. Through the use of a long-term data set we investigated the distribution of lions, during the daytime, in relation to burned areas in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We found that lions avoid burned areas despite the fact that herbivores, their prey, are attracted to burned areas. Prey attraction, however, likely results from the reduction in cover caused by burning, that may thereby decrease lion hunting success. Lions also do not preferentially utilize the edges of burned areas over unburned areas de- spite the possibility that edges would combine the benefit of cover with proximity to abundant prey. Despite the fact that lions avoid burned areas, lion territory size and reproductive success were not affected by the proportion of the territory burned each year. Therefore, burning does not seem to reduce lion fitness perhaps because of the heterogeneity of burned areas across the landscape or because it is possible that when hunting at night lions visit burned areas despite their daytime avoidance of these ar- eas .展开更多
文摘To illustrate the irregular and non-standardized sign design in the landscape architecture,itis necessary to research the history of landscape architecture and the function of signs.Design of signs inlandscape architecture is a practical system.The guidance system is an essential part of it,and aestheticand art is second to the guidance system.Likewise,aesthetic and art could not highlight the achievement ofart and personality,and design of signs could not separate from the guidance system.In China,nowadays,standardization of sign design in landscape architecture should break down language and cultural barriers,as well as bringing International style and carrying Chinese characteristics.
基金the Afromontane Research Unit (ARU) for providing financial support for this study
文摘The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances the efficacy of IAS control. The aim of this study is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the policy framework guiding the control of the spreading of Acacia mearnsii and other IAS in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa,as well as the implementation of restorative measures in the park and adjacent communities in line with the recommendations of the Convention on Biodiversity. A comparative analysis of this framework and the hierarchical framework that was developed during the European Union Conference on Freshwater Invasives- Networking for Strategy in 2013 is undertaken. The results indicate the need to strengthen parkcommunity relations,upgrade existing legislation,and boost the technical capacity of South African national parks to identify,detect,monitor and predict IAS invasions,both within the parks and their surroundings. This knowledge is important for developing future policies on IAS control in South Africa.
基金Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2013-XZ-22)
文摘Anxi is the largest producing area of Tie Guanyin tea in China. “The cultural system of Tie Guanyin tea in Anxi” was selected as “Nationaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems” （China-NIAHS） in 2014. Tea gardens in this region are organic, ecological or non-ecological. After sampling the soil in these three kinds of tea gardens, we compared soil properties and nutrient content at different soil depths using physical and chemical analyses. Our aim was to provide a scientiifc basis for the management of tea plantations. We measured and analyzed soil in two organic, three ecological and one non-ecological tea gardens at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in Anxi County. According to Duncan multiple comparisons and t tests, soil nutrients differed between organic and ecological or non-ecological tea gardens at 0–10 cm. Organic matter and total nitrogen differed between organic and non-ecological tea garden soils at 10–20 cm. In organic tea gardens, soil bulk density, porosity, relative water content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were advantageous for tea tree growth. In ecological tea gardens, the indicators were appropriate and relatively advantageous for tea tree growth at a soil depth of 0–10 cm. For non-ecological tea garden, the nutrients were at a compact level and negatively affect tea growth. These results show that soil properties and nutrient content in organic and ecological tea gardens are superior to non-ecological tea garden. The development of organic tea gardens is the most suitable strategy for the growth of tea trees.
基金We thank the Tanzania Wildlife Re- search Institute, Tanzania National Parks and Tanzania Com- mission for Science and Technology for permission to conduct research in the Serengeti. This work was supported by Na-tional Science Foundation grants DEB 0308486 to C.E and M.R., 9903416 and 0343960 to C.P., and 0543398, and 0842230 to M.R.
文摘Camivores play a central role in ecosystem processes by exerting top-down control, while fire exerts bottom-up con- trol in ecosystems throughout the world, yet, little is known about how fire affects short-term carnivore distributions across the landscape. Through the use of a long-term data set we investigated the distribution of lions, during the daytime, in relation to burned areas in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We found that lions avoid burned areas despite the fact that herbivores, their prey, are attracted to burned areas. Prey attraction, however, likely results from the reduction in cover caused by burning, that may thereby decrease lion hunting success. Lions also do not preferentially utilize the edges of burned areas over unburned areas de- spite the possibility that edges would combine the benefit of cover with proximity to abundant prey. Despite the fact that lions avoid burned areas, lion territory size and reproductive success were not affected by the proportion of the territory burned each year. Therefore, burning does not seem to reduce lion fitness perhaps because of the heterogeneity of burned areas across the landscape or because it is possible that when hunting at night lions visit burned areas despite their daytime avoidance of these ar- eas .
