论90年代文学批评的非学理化倾向

90年代文学批评的根本缺陷,在于其中具有严重的非学理化的倾向。它广泛存在于重大文学思潮,作家作品评论和文学批评活动之中,极大地损害了文学批评的学术质量和社会形象。

Advances in Toxicology of Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine(CML)

Advanced glycation end-products （AGEs） are products of non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, lipids or nucleic acids and other macromolecules. To be spe- cific, Nε-（carboxymethyl）-Iysine （CML） is one of the most important components of AGEs, which is wildly distributed in the body and can be formed in vivo or in food processing and heating processes. Previous studies have shown that CML is a ma- jor immunological epitope in AGEs and plays an important role in diabetes and its complications, as well as in the development and progression of aging. This review summarized recent advances in major source, toxicological hazard and control mea- sures of CML.

Travelling Wave Solutions to a Special Type of Nonlinear Evolution Equation

A unified approach is presented for finding the travelling wave solutions to one kind of nonlinear evolution equation by introducing a concept of 'rank'. The key idea of this method is to make use of the arbitrariness of the manifold in Painlevé analysis. We selected a new expansion variable and thus obtained a rich variety of travelling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equation, which covered solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, Weierstrass elliptic function solutions, and rational solutions. Three illustrative equations are investigated by this means, and abundant travelling wave solutions are obtained in a systematic way. In addition, some new solutions are firstly reported here.

Velocity of a Liquid Drop with a Sorption-Controlled Surfactant

The terminal velocity of a liquid droplet settling in a sulfactant solution has been studied for the non-linear adsorption Langmuir frameworks accounting for monolayer saturation and non-ideal surfactant interactions. Most prior research uses a linear adsorption model which cannot capture these effects, The Maragoni migration of a liquid drop settling through a surfactant solution is examined by using Langmuir framework. The solution concentration Ceq is assumed large enough for the surfactant mass transfer to be adsorption-controlled. Langmuir model generates non-linear Marangoni stresses which diverge in the limit of approaching ∝, strongly retarding U'.

Effect of sodium carbonate addition on carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate

The enhanced reduction mechanism and kinetics of different Na_(2)CO_(3) additions in the carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate were investigated.The reduction process was carried out at different heating rates in a thermogravimetry facility,and the kinetics was studied using the Starink method.The results indicate that Na_(2)CO_(3) addition enhanced the reduction effect as well as reduced the initial temperature of the reaction and the activation energy by increasing reactant activity in reactant form;however,it deteriorated the late-stage kinetic conditions by generating a molten phase,thereby reducing the reaction rate in the late stages of reduction.The average apparent activation energies of ilmenite concentrate with 0%,3%,and 6%Na_(2)CO_(3) are 447,289,and 430 kJ/mol,respectively.The results from kinetics parameters confirm that Na_(2)CO_(3) addition accelerated the reduction kinetics;however,excessive addition worsened the reduction kinetics.

Kinetics and Mechanism of Decomposition of Nano-sized Calcium Carbonate under Non-isothermal Condition

Experiments on thermal decomposition of nano-sized calcium carbonate were carried out in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer under non-isothermal condition of different heating rates (5 to 20K·min-1). The Coats and Redfern's equation was used to determine the apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential factors. The mechanism of thermal decomposition was evaluated using the master plots, Coats and Redfern's equation and the kinetic compensation law. It was found that the thermal decomposition property of nano-sized calcium carbonate was different from that of bulk calcite. Nano-sized calcium carbonate began to decompose at 640℃, which was 180℃lower than the reported value for calcite. The experimental results of kinetics were compatible with the mechanism of one-dimensional phase boundary movement. The apparent activation energy of nano-sized calcium carbonate was estimated to be 151kJ·mol-1 while the literature value for normal calcite was approximately 200kJ·mol-1. The order of magnitude of pre-exponential factors was estimated to be 10~9 s-1.

Relationship Between Iron Oxides and Surface Charge Characteristics in Soils

The relationship between iron oxides and surface charge characteristics in variable charge soils ( latosol and red earth ) was studied in following three ways. ( 1 ) Remove free iron oxides ( Fed ) and amorphous iron oxides ( Feo ) from the soils with sodium dithionite and acid ammonium oxalate solution respectively. ( 2 ) Add 2% glucose ( on the basis of air-dry soil weight ) to soils and incubate under submerged condition to activate iron oxides, and then the mixtures are dehydrated and air-dried to age iron oxides. ( 3 ) Precipitate various crystalline forms of iron oxides onto kaolinite. The results showed that free iron oxides ( Fed ) were the chief carrier of variable positive charges. Of which crystalline iron oxides ( Fed-Feo ) presented mainly as discrete particles in the soils and could only play a role of the carrier of positive charges, and did little influence on negative charges. Whereas the amorphous iron oxides ( Feo ) , which presented mainly as a coating with a large specific surface area, not only had positive charges, but also blocked the negative charge sites in soils. Submerged incubation activated iron oxides in the soils, and increased the amount of amorphous iron oxides and the degree of activation of iron oxide, which resulted in the increase of positive and negative charges of soils. Dehydration and air-dry aged iron oxides in soils and decreased the amount of amorphous iron oxides and the degree of activation of iron oxide, and also led to the decrease of positive and negative charges. Both the submerged incubation and the dehydration and air-dry had no significant influence on net charges. Precipitation of iron oxides onto kaolinite markedly increased positive charges and decreased negative charges. Amorphous iron oxide having a larger surface area contributed more positive charge sites and blocked more negative charge sites in kaolinite than crystalline goethite.

Clinicopathological Significance of E-cadherin and PCNA Expression in Hunman Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to assess E-cadherin (E-cad)and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)expression as well as their clinicopathological significance in hunman non- small cell lung cancers(NSCLCs).Possible molecular mechanisms of differentiation and metastasis of NSCLCs are discussed. METHODS Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double staining were performed to examine the expression of E-cad and PCNA in 68 primary NSCLCs cases. RESULTS The E-cad expression in squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas showed no significant difference.E-cad expression had a positive correlation with the histological- differentiated grade.A significant difference of E-cad expression was found between metastatic and non-metastatic groups.PCNA expression in squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas showed no significant difference.The PCNA expression had a reverse correlation with the histological-differentiated grade.A significant difference of PCNA expression was found between metastatic and non-metastatic groups.The E-cad and PCNA expression presented a reverse correlation. CONCLUSION E-cad expression is not associated with the histological type of NSCLC,but is associated with differentiation and metastasis of the cancer.Down-regulation of E-cad expression affects the proliferation of cancer cells.Conjoint analysis of E-cad and PCNA expression is a good way to evaluate tumor biological behavior.

Local inhomogeneity in totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes with different hopping rates

Local inhomogeneity in totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes （TASEPs） with different hopping rates was studied. Many biological and chemical phenomena can be described by these non-equilibrium processes. A simple approximate theory and extensive Monte Carlo computer simulations were used to calculate the steady-state phase diagrams and bulk densities. It is found that the phase diagram for local inhomogeneity in TASEP with different hopping rates p is qualitatively similar to homogeneous models. Interestingly, there is a saturation point pair （a＊, fl＊） for the system, which is decided by parameters p and q. There are three stationary phases in the system, when parameter p is fixed （i.e., p=0.8）, with the increase of the parameter q, the region of LD/LD and HD/HD phase increases and the HD/LD is the only phase which the region shrinks. The analytical results are in good agreement with simulations.

The Repairing of Concrete Walls in Structure for Water Treatment in Thermo Power Plant

As a result of longer term exploitation, exposure to severe weather conditions or influence of chemical conditions, concrete walls of concrete structures get damaged internally as well as externally. This study includes a preliminary analysis of chemically treated water in existing concrete structures, and another after the application of the method and using materials for the structures in future. One of the priorities was to examine the existing concrete structures by using nondestructive and destructive methods. After that, based on the results of the analysis, adequate new materials are proposed for the repairs, most commonly new technology polymer carbonated materials, in order to achieve durability of structure elements in using technological processes. Behavior of the repairing structures was tested using the in situ methods, and especially pull-of test, to verify the adhesion force between the old concrete structures and new applied layer. After the repairing, the concrete structures will be monitored to record the behavior under the chemical treated water.

Modeling and control for hydraulic transmission of unmanned ground vehicle

Variable pump driving variable motor(VPDVM) is the future development trend of the hydraulic transmission of an unmanned ground vehicle(UGV).VPDVM is a dual-input single-output nonlinear system with coupling,which is difficult to control.High pressure automatic variables bang-bang(HABB) was proposed to achieve the desired motor speed.First,the VPDVM nonlinear mathematic model was introduced,then linearized by feedback linearization theory,and the zero-dynamic stability was proved.The HABB control algorithm was proposed for VPDVM,in which the variable motor was controlled by high pressure automatic variables(HA) and the variable pump was controlled by bang-bang.Finally,simulation of VPDVM controlled by HABB was developed.Simulation results demonstrate the HABB can implement the desired motor speed rapidly and has strong robustness against the variations of desired motor speed,load and pump speed.

Carbcations Chemistry： β-Methyl Shift--A New Rearrangement of the Carbcations Bridged Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Results of researches on study of the kinetics and isomerization mechanism of the alkyladamantanes in the presence of the heterogeneous catalysts of the acid type are considered as detection and experimental proof of a new intramolecular rearrangement of the carbcations bridged alicyclic hydrocarbons--2,4-moving of the methyl groups （β-methyl shift）. The proof of realization of such rearrangement is direct and primary formation 1,4-dimethyladamantane from 1,2-dimethyladamatane, passing a formation stage of the thermodynamic much stable 1,3-dimethyladamantane; direct formation 1,3,6-trimethyladamantane from 1,3,4-trimethyladamantane, excepting a formation stage 1,3.5-trimethyladamantane, and also other isomers which formation is impossible to explain by means of known 1,2-methyl shift （a-methyl shift）.

Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Methods for the Study of Physiological Condition and Resistance against Abiotic Factors of Grapevine

The purpose of this study was to explore influence of abiotic factors, such as high temperature, water deficiency and high solar radiation on the photomembrane of grapevine leaves. Grapevine leaves were collected from variety Rkatsiteli （Vitis vinifera） and placed at a temperature of ＋45 ℃ and ＋55 ℃ for 5 rain, respectively. The relative volume of water in leaves was gradually reduced to 50%, and then leaves were irradiated with 6,000 pmol/m2.s of white light. Changes provoked by stressful abiotie factors were determined using rapid and delayed chlorophyll fluorescence methods. It was shown that value of variable component of chlorophyll fluorescence （Fv）, intensity of electron transport between the photosystems （ETR）, intensity of expended electrons in carboxylation （ETRn） and oxygenation （ETRp） and index of non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, allow studying molecular mechanisms of the impact of abiotic factors and the resulting damage degree. Based on delayed and rapid fluorescence data, it was demonstrated that temperature of ＋45 ℃ adversely affects oxygen production system and CO2 assimilation mechanisms, while at ＋55 ℃, the ETR decreases. Reduction of relative water volume in leaves up to 50%-55% leads to sharp reduction in ETR and inhibition of photosynthesis. In case of irradiation of leaves with high-intensity light of 6,000 μmol/m2.s, NPQ of light falling on a leaf increases, thus protecting photosynthesis apparatus from damage.

The Cultural Relativity of Logic： From the Viewpoint of Ethnography and Historiography

The concept of general argumentation has expanded the family of logic so that it incorporates the logic of other cultures besides modern culture. Based on reports of fieldwork among the Azande and the fruits of research on ancient Chinese logic and the logic of Buddhism, this paper attempts to provide a factual foundation for the proposition ＂the cultural relativity of logic＂ from a descriptive perspective. Adopting deductive argument as a meta-method, this paper argues for the existence of the cultural relativity of logic in modern culture and of the translated version of the logic of other cultures in modem culture. With the aid of ethnography and the historical research findings, we show that the logic of other cultures also has its own cultural relativity. We also seek to show through the concepts of language games and life forms that deductive argumentation as a meta-method likewise possesses cultural relativity.