Amorphous Ti2?xMgxNi (x=0?0.3) alloys were prepared by mechanical milling of elemental powders. Charge and discharge test, linear polarization (LP) and potential-step measurement were carried out to investigate the el...Amorphous Ti2?xMgxNi (x=0?0.3) alloys were prepared by mechanical milling of elemental powders. Charge and discharge test, linear polarization (LP) and potential-step measurement were carried out to investigate the electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of the alloys before and after heat treatment. The results show that the maximum discharge capacity of heat-treated Ti2?xMgxNi alloy can reach 275.3 mA·h/g, which is 100 mA·h/g higher than that of the amorphous Ti2?xMgxNi alloy. The heat-treated Ti1.9Mg0.1Ni alloy presents the best cycling stability with a high discharge capacity of 210 mA·h/g after 30 cycles. The results of LP and potential-step measurement of the Ti1.9Mg0.1Ni alloy show that the exchange current density increases from 101.1 to 203.3 mA/g and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient increases from 3.20×10?11 to 2.70×10?10 cm2/s after the heat treatment, indicating that the heat treatment facilitates both the charge-transfer and hydrogen diffusion processes, resulting in an improvement in electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of Ti2?xMgxNi (x=0?0.3) alloys.展开更多
A support(denoted AM) was prepared using pseudo-boehmite and mordenite.Ni-B and NiPtB amorphous catalysts were prepared on the support by the impregnation method followed by chemical reduction with a KBH4 solution.And...A support(denoted AM) was prepared using pseudo-boehmite and mordenite.Ni-B and NiPtB amorphous catalysts were prepared on the support by the impregnation method followed by chemical reduction with a KBH4 solution.And the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),environment scanning electron microscope(ESEM),inductively coupled plasma(ICP),H2-temperature programmed reduction(H2-TPR),differential thermal analysis(DTA),and BET.Benzene hydrogenation was used as a probe reaction to evaluate the effect of addition of small quantities of Pt on the NiB/AM catalyst.The results show that Pt can promote the reduction of NiO and the formation of active sites,leading to smaller catalyst particles and better dispersion of active metal particles on the support.The catalytic activity,sulfur resistance and thermal stability were remarkably improved by Pt doping of the NiB/AM catalyst.展开更多
Water oxidation is one of the most attractive techniques for intermittent renewable energy conversion and storage.The oxygen evolution electrocatalytic performance of an amorphous Co-B alloy and its derivatives were s...Water oxidation is one of the most attractive techniques for intermittent renewable energy conversion and storage.The oxygen evolution electrocatalytic performance of an amorphous Co-B alloy and its derivatives were studied.These materials were chemically synthesized by reducing a Co salt with NaBH4.The amorphous Co-B alloy showed good electrocatalytic activity in oxygen evolution but its stability was poor.A hydrotalcite‐wrapped Co-B alloy was synthesized by mild oxidation.The electrocatalytic activity of this material in the oxygen evolution reaction was better than that of a commercially available Ir/C catalyst.展开更多
This paper reviews the development of current research in bulk glassy alloys by focusing on the trigger point for the synthesis of the first bulk glassy alloys by the conventional mold casting method. This review cove...This paper reviews the development of current research in bulk glassy alloys by focusing on the trigger point for the synthesis of the first bulk glassy alloys by the conventional mold casting method. This review covers the background, discovery, characteristics, and applications of bulk glassy alloys, as well as recent topics regarding them. Applications of bulk glassy alloys have been expanding, particularly for Fe-based bulk glassy alloys, due to their unique properties, high glass-forming ability, and low cost. In the near future, the engineering importance of bulk glassy alloys is expected to increase steadily, and continuous interest in these novel metallic materials for basic science research is anticipated.展开更多
Effect of Si and Ti on dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of Cu-15Ni-8 Sn alloy was studied using hot compression tests over deformation temperature range of 750-950℃and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^-1.The results show...Effect of Si and Ti on dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of Cu-15Ni-8 Sn alloy was studied using hot compression tests over deformation temperature range of 750-950℃and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^-1.The results show that the dynamic recrystallization behavior during hot deformation is significantly affected by the trace elements of Si and Ti.The addition of Si and Ti promotes the formation of Ni16Si7Ti6 particles during hot deformation,which promotes the nucleation of dynamic recrystallization by accelerating the transition from low-angle boundaries(LABs)to high-angle boundaries(HABs).Ni16Si7Ti6 particles further inhibit the growth of recrystallized grains through the pinning effect.Based on the dynamic recrystallization behavior,a processing map of the alloy is built up to obtain the optimal processing parameters.Guided by the processing map,a hot-extruded Cu-15 Ni-8Sn alloy with a fine-grained microstructure is obtained,which shows excellent elongation of 30%and ultimate tensile strength of 910 MPa.展开更多
In order to improve the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of the Mg2Ni-type alloys,Ni in the alloy is substituted by element Co. The nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg2Ni1-xCox (x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4) alloys w...In order to improve the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of the Mg2Ni-type alloys,Ni in the alloy is substituted by element Co. The nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg2Ni1-xCox (x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4) alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning technique. The structures of the as-cast and spun alloys were studied with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a high resolution transmission electronic microscope (HRTEM). An investigation on the thermal stability of the as-spun alloys was carried out with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of the alloys were measured with an automatically controlled Sieverts apparatus. The results demonstrate that the substitution of Co for Ni does not alter the major phase of Mg2Ni but results in the formation of secondary phase MgCo2. No amorphous phase is detected in the as-spun Co-free alloy,but a certain amount of amorphous phase is clearly found in the as-spun Co-containing alloys. The substitution of Co for Ni exerts a slight influence on the hydriding kinetics of the as-spun alloy. However,it dramatically enhances the dehydriding kinetics of the as-cast and spun alloys. As Co content (x) increases from 0 to 0.4,the hydrogen desorption capacity increases from 0.19% to 1.39% (mass fraction) in 20 min for the as-cast alloy,and from 0.89% to 2.18% (mass fraction) for the as-spun alloy (30 m/s).展开更多
Porous SiC/Ti-based metallic glass composite (Ti-BMGC), a new kind of composite, has significant application prospectin the field of light armor. To evaluate the dynamic mechanical response of the composite, dynamic V...Porous SiC/Ti-based metallic glass composite (Ti-BMGC), a new kind of composite, has significant application prospectin the field of light armor. To evaluate the dynamic mechanical response of the composite, dynamic Vickers hardness andindentation-induced deformation behavior were investigated by comparison with that under static indentation. The dynamic hardnesswas measured by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The dynamic hardness is obviously greater than the statichardness. The brittleness parameter under dynamic indentation is also greater than that under static indentation. Although thedynamic indentation induced more severe deformation behavior than the static indentation, the deformation and fracturecharacteristics in the two loading cases are nearly the same, both exhibiting extensive cracks in the SiC phase and severe plasticdeformation in the metallic glass phase.展开更多
A Pd-Fe-B/γ-Al2O3 amorphous alloy catalyst was prepared by impregnation and chemical reduction with borohydrine aqueous solution. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microsc...A Pd-Fe-B/γ-Al2O3 amorphous alloy catalyst was prepared by impregnation and chemical reduction with borohydrine aqueous solution. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and elecdes design suite(EDS) and was used for catalytic hydrogenation of 5-nitro-2-chloro-2', 4'-dimethylbenzenesulfonanilide (NCD). The amorphous alloy catalyst shows significantly high activity and selectively for hydrogenation of NCD to 5-Amino-2-chloro- 2', 4'-dimethyibenzenesuifonanilide (ACD).展开更多
Nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg-Nd-Ni-Cu quaternary alloys with a composition of(Mg_(24)Ni_(10)Cu_2)_(100-x)Nd_x(x=0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were prepared by melt spinning technology and their structures as well as gaseous h...Nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg-Nd-Ni-Cu quaternary alloys with a composition of(Mg_(24)Ni_(10)Cu_2)_(100-x)Nd_x(x=0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were prepared by melt spinning technology and their structures as well as gaseous hydrogen storage characteristics were investigated. The XRD, TEM and SEM linked with EDS detections reveal that the as-spun Nd-free alloy holds an entire nanocrystalline structure but a nanocrystalline and amorphous structure for the as-spun Nd-added alloy, implying that the addition of Nd facilitates the glass forming in the Mg_2Ni-type alloy. Furthermore, the degree of amorphization of the as-spun Nd-added alloy and thermal stability of the amorphous structure clearly increase with the spinning rate rising. The melt spinning ameliorates the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of the alloys dramatically. Specially, the rising of the spinning rate from 0(the as-cast was defined as the spinning rate of 0 m/s) to 40 m/s brings on the hydrogen absorption saturation ratio(R_5~a)(a ratio of the hydrogen absorption quantity in 5 min to the saturated hydrogen absorption capacity) increasing from 36.9% to 91.5% and the hydrogen desorption ratio(R_(1 0)~d)(a ratio of the hydrogen desorption quantity in 10 min to the saturated hydrogen absorption capacity) rising from 16.4% to 47.7% for the(x=10) alloy, respectively.展开更多
This paper reports on the preparation of Fe82.7-85.7Si2-4.9B9.2-11.2P1.5.2.7C0,8 soft magnetic amorphous alloys with a distinctly high Fe content of 93.5-95.5 wt.% by component design and composition adjustment. All a...This paper reports on the preparation of Fe82.7-85.7Si2-4.9B9.2-11.2P1.5.2.7C0,8 soft magnetic amorphous alloys with a distinctly high Fe content of 93.5-95.5 wt.% by component design and composition adjustment. All alloys can be readily fabricated into completely amorphous ribbon samples with good surface quality by the single copper roller melt-spinning method. These alloys show good bending ductility and excellent magnetic properties after annealing, i.e., low coercivity (He) of 3.3-5.9 A/m, high permeability (μe) of 5000-10000 and high flux saturation density (Bs) of 1.63-1.66 T. The mechanism of the good glass forming ability (GFA)and soft-magnetic properties are explored. The amorphous alloys with the high Fe content comparable to that of the desired high Si alloy can be promising candidates for the potential application in electric devices.展开更多
The dehydrogenation reaction of isopropanol occurring at low temperature is of great industrial importance. It is a key procedure in isopropanol/acetone/hydrogen chemical heat pump system. An experimental investigatio...The dehydrogenation reaction of isopropanol occurring at low temperature is of great industrial importance. It is a key procedure in isopropanol/acetone/hydrogen chemical heat pump system. An experimental investigation was performed to study the behavior of the liquid phase dehydrogenation of isopropanol over amorphous alloy Raney nickel catalysts. Un-promoted and promoted catalysts were used and their performances were compared under various catalyst amounts, acetone content in the reactant and reaction temperature ranging from 348 K to 355 K.It is found that there exists an optimum catalyst concentration which is about 0.34 g in 300 ml isopropanol. The temperature has evident effect on the reaction. The presence of activities of Fe-promoted catalyst decrease slightly compared to the un-promoted catalyst when the temperature are 348 K and 351 K. Besides, the reaction rate decreases almost linearly with the increase of acetone volume fraction in the reactant.展开更多
Oxidation of metallic glasses has been shown to be different from crystalline alloys due to the disordered atomic structures and far-from-equilibrium state,and quick characterization is required to reveal their early ...Oxidation of metallic glasses has been shown to be different from crystalline alloys due to the disordered atomic structures and far-from-equilibrium state,and quick characterization is required to reveal their early stage oxidation.In this study,we investigated the oxidation behavior of a Zr_(46)Cu_(46)Al_(7)Gd_(1)bulk metallic glass by measuring the changes of optical constants via spectroscopic ellipsometry.Characterizations with X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and thermogravimetric analyzer confirmed that the changes of pseudo-optical constants reflected not only the onset temperature at which the alloys underwent obvious oxidation,but also the subtle oxidation which was tedious to characterize.Our study suggests a more efficient and accurate approach to understand the oxidation of metallic glasses with temperature,time and compositions.展开更多
基金Project(51201089)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China
文摘Amorphous Ti2?xMgxNi (x=0?0.3) alloys were prepared by mechanical milling of elemental powders. Charge and discharge test, linear polarization (LP) and potential-step measurement were carried out to investigate the electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of the alloys before and after heat treatment. The results show that the maximum discharge capacity of heat-treated Ti2?xMgxNi alloy can reach 275.3 mA·h/g, which is 100 mA·h/g higher than that of the amorphous Ti2?xMgxNi alloy. The heat-treated Ti1.9Mg0.1Ni alloy presents the best cycling stability with a high discharge capacity of 210 mA·h/g after 30 cycles. The results of LP and potential-step measurement of the Ti1.9Mg0.1Ni alloy show that the exchange current density increases from 101.1 to 203.3 mA/g and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient increases from 3.20×10?11 to 2.70×10?10 cm2/s after the heat treatment, indicating that the heat treatment facilitates both the charge-transfer and hydrogen diffusion processes, resulting in an improvement in electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of Ti2?xMgxNi (x=0?0.3) alloys.
基金Supported by the Overseas Scholars of Heilongjiang Province of China (1151hq006)
文摘A support(denoted AM) was prepared using pseudo-boehmite and mordenite.Ni-B and NiPtB amorphous catalysts were prepared on the support by the impregnation method followed by chemical reduction with a KBH4 solution.And the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),environment scanning electron microscope(ESEM),inductively coupled plasma(ICP),H2-temperature programmed reduction(H2-TPR),differential thermal analysis(DTA),and BET.Benzene hydrogenation was used as a probe reaction to evaluate the effect of addition of small quantities of Pt on the NiB/AM catalyst.The results show that Pt can promote the reduction of NiO and the formation of active sites,leading to smaller catalyst particles and better dispersion of active metal particles on the support.The catalytic activity,sulfur resistance and thermal stability were remarkably improved by Pt doping of the NiB/AM catalyst.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Project(DP110100550)~~
文摘Water oxidation is one of the most attractive techniques for intermittent renewable energy conversion and storage.The oxygen evolution electrocatalytic performance of an amorphous Co-B alloy and its derivatives were studied.These materials were chemically synthesized by reducing a Co salt with NaBH4.The amorphous Co-B alloy showed good electrocatalytic activity in oxygen evolution but its stability was poor.A hydrotalcite‐wrapped Co-B alloy was synthesized by mild oxidation.The electrocatalytic activity of this material in the oxygen evolution reaction was better than that of a commercially available Ir/C catalyst.
基金supported by Guangdong Innovative Research Team Program (2009010005)
文摘This paper reviews the development of current research in bulk glassy alloys by focusing on the trigger point for the synthesis of the first bulk glassy alloys by the conventional mold casting method. This review covers the background, discovery, characteristics, and applications of bulk glassy alloys, as well as recent topics regarding them. Applications of bulk glassy alloys have been expanding, particularly for Fe-based bulk glassy alloys, due to their unique properties, high glass-forming ability, and low cost. In the near future, the engineering importance of bulk glassy alloys is expected to increase steadily, and continuous interest in these novel metallic materials for basic science research is anticipated.
基金Project(2015A030312003) supported by the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation for Research Team,China
文摘Effect of Si and Ti on dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of Cu-15Ni-8 Sn alloy was studied using hot compression tests over deformation temperature range of 750-950℃and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^-1.The results show that the dynamic recrystallization behavior during hot deformation is significantly affected by the trace elements of Si and Ti.The addition of Si and Ti promotes the formation of Ni16Si7Ti6 particles during hot deformation,which promotes the nucleation of dynamic recrystallization by accelerating the transition from low-angle boundaries(LABs)to high-angle boundaries(HABs).Ni16Si7Ti6 particles further inhibit the growth of recrystallized grains through the pinning effect.Based on the dynamic recrystallization behavior,a processing map of the alloy is built up to obtain the optimal processing parameters.Guided by the processing map,a hot-extruded Cu-15 Ni-8Sn alloy with a fine-grained microstructure is obtained,which shows excellent elongation of 30%and ultimate tensile strength of 910 MPa.
基金Project(2006AA05Z132) supported by the National High-tech Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(50871050, 50961009) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(2010ZD05) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, ChinaProject(NJzy08071) supported by the High Education Science Research Program of Inner Mongolia, China
文摘In order to improve the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of the Mg2Ni-type alloys,Ni in the alloy is substituted by element Co. The nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg2Ni1-xCox (x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4) alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning technique. The structures of the as-cast and spun alloys were studied with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a high resolution transmission electronic microscope (HRTEM). An investigation on the thermal stability of the as-spun alloys was carried out with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of the alloys were measured with an automatically controlled Sieverts apparatus. The results demonstrate that the substitution of Co for Ni does not alter the major phase of Mg2Ni but results in the formation of secondary phase MgCo2. No amorphous phase is detected in the as-spun Co-free alloy,but a certain amount of amorphous phase is clearly found in the as-spun Co-containing alloys. The substitution of Co for Ni exerts a slight influence on the hydriding kinetics of the as-spun alloy. However,it dramatically enhances the dehydriding kinetics of the as-cast and spun alloys. As Co content (x) increases from 0 to 0.4,the hydrogen desorption capacity increases from 0.19% to 1.39% (mass fraction) in 20 min for the as-cast alloy,and from 0.89% to 2.18% (mass fraction) for the as-spun alloy (30 m/s).
基金Projects(51471035,51101018)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher ProjectProject supported by the Program of "One Hundred Talented People" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Porous SiC/Ti-based metallic glass composite (Ti-BMGC), a new kind of composite, has significant application prospectin the field of light armor. To evaluate the dynamic mechanical response of the composite, dynamic Vickers hardness andindentation-induced deformation behavior were investigated by comparison with that under static indentation. The dynamic hardnesswas measured by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The dynamic hardness is obviously greater than the statichardness. The brittleness parameter under dynamic indentation is also greater than that under static indentation. Although thedynamic indentation induced more severe deformation behavior than the static indentation, the deformation and fracturecharacteristics in the two loading cases are nearly the same, both exhibiting extensive cracks in the SiC phase and severe plasticdeformation in the metallic glass phase.
文摘A Pd-Fe-B/γ-Al2O3 amorphous alloy catalyst was prepared by impregnation and chemical reduction with borohydrine aqueous solution. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and elecdes design suite(EDS) and was used for catalytic hydrogenation of 5-nitro-2-chloro-2', 4'-dimethylbenzenesulfonanilide (NCD). The amorphous alloy catalyst shows significantly high activity and selectively for hydrogenation of NCD to 5-Amino-2-chloro- 2', 4'-dimethyibenzenesuifonanilide (ACD).
基金Projects(51161015,51371094)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg-Nd-Ni-Cu quaternary alloys with a composition of(Mg_(24)Ni_(10)Cu_2)_(100-x)Nd_x(x=0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were prepared by melt spinning technology and their structures as well as gaseous hydrogen storage characteristics were investigated. The XRD, TEM and SEM linked with EDS detections reveal that the as-spun Nd-free alloy holds an entire nanocrystalline structure but a nanocrystalline and amorphous structure for the as-spun Nd-added alloy, implying that the addition of Nd facilitates the glass forming in the Mg_2Ni-type alloy. Furthermore, the degree of amorphization of the as-spun Nd-added alloy and thermal stability of the amorphous structure clearly increase with the spinning rate rising. The melt spinning ameliorates the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of the alloys dramatically. Specially, the rising of the spinning rate from 0(the as-cast was defined as the spinning rate of 0 m/s) to 40 m/s brings on the hydrogen absorption saturation ratio(R_5~a)(a ratio of the hydrogen absorption quantity in 5 min to the saturated hydrogen absorption capacity) increasing from 36.9% to 91.5% and the hydrogen desorption ratio(R_(1 0)~d)(a ratio of the hydrogen desorption quantity in 10 min to the saturated hydrogen absorption capacity) rising from 16.4% to 47.7% for the(x=10) alloy, respectively.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51541106)Ningbo International Cooperation Projects(Grant No.2015D10022)+2 种基金Ningbo Major Project for Science and Technology(Grant No.201401B1003003)Ningbo Natural Science Foundations(Grant No.2015A610007)General Research Fund of Hong Kong(Grant No.CityU 102013)
文摘This paper reports on the preparation of Fe82.7-85.7Si2-4.9B9.2-11.2P1.5.2.7C0,8 soft magnetic amorphous alloys with a distinctly high Fe content of 93.5-95.5 wt.% by component design and composition adjustment. All alloys can be readily fabricated into completely amorphous ribbon samples with good surface quality by the single copper roller melt-spinning method. These alloys show good bending ductility and excellent magnetic properties after annealing, i.e., low coercivity (He) of 3.3-5.9 A/m, high permeability (μe) of 5000-10000 and high flux saturation density (Bs) of 1.63-1.66 T. The mechanism of the good glass forming ability (GFA)and soft-magnetic properties are explored. The amorphous alloys with the high Fe content comparable to that of the desired high Si alloy can be promising candidates for the potential application in electric devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 51276181,Grant No.51106158the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2011CB710705
文摘The dehydrogenation reaction of isopropanol occurring at low temperature is of great industrial importance. It is a key procedure in isopropanol/acetone/hydrogen chemical heat pump system. An experimental investigation was performed to study the behavior of the liquid phase dehydrogenation of isopropanol over amorphous alloy Raney nickel catalysts. Un-promoted and promoted catalysts were used and their performances were compared under various catalyst amounts, acetone content in the reactant and reaction temperature ranging from 348 K to 355 K.It is found that there exists an optimum catalyst concentration which is about 0.34 g in 300 ml isopropanol. The temperature has evident effect on the reaction. The presence of activities of Fe-promoted catalyst decrease slightly compared to the un-promoted catalyst when the temperature are 348 K and 351 K. Besides, the reaction rate decreases almost linearly with the increase of acetone volume fraction in the reactant.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0703600 and2017YFB0701900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51825104,51801095,11790291 and 61888102)+1 种基金CAS projects(XDB30000000)the Key Basic and Applied Research Program of Guangdong Province of China(2019B030302010)。
文摘Oxidation of metallic glasses has been shown to be different from crystalline alloys due to the disordered atomic structures and far-from-equilibrium state,and quick characterization is required to reveal their early stage oxidation.In this study,we investigated the oxidation behavior of a Zr_(46)Cu_(46)Al_(7)Gd_(1)bulk metallic glass by measuring the changes of optical constants via spectroscopic ellipsometry.Characterizations with X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and thermogravimetric analyzer confirmed that the changes of pseudo-optical constants reflected not only the onset temperature at which the alloys underwent obvious oxidation,but also the subtle oxidation which was tedious to characterize.Our study suggests a more efficient and accurate approach to understand the oxidation of metallic glasses with temperature,time and compositions.