作物种质资源的非生态性偏差和人类行为下的种质生态伦理

作物的生产是以利用自然生态能量为前提的物质生产,任何作物种质资源都要回归自然生态系统才能进行能量截获和物质合成,因此,作物种质的“运筹”需要接受种质生态伦理的约束。种质生态伦理是指种质资源对其生存的外部生态环境所产生作用的伦理性约束,是种质资源作为非单一属性自然资源秉承自然法则的内在动力和外在要求。本文阐述了作物种质资源的非生态性偏差并对非生态性偏差进行了生态学分析,提出了“种质运筹”的概念,并论述了种质生态伦理约束的理论内核,从种质生态伦理角度诠释了种质运筹的伦理生态学内涵。

全球化体系下全球生态治理的非生态性

欧美发达国家生态治理的成功,是一种假象。走发达国家那种转嫁生态危机以达到国内环境改善的路径不具有生态性,它不可复制,也不可取。欧美发达国家的环境改善,与全球化体系有关。发达国家生态治理的成功,促进了产业的全球转移。一些发展中国家走上了发达国家曾经走过的工业化道路,承接了转移来的低端产业,虽然污染了环境,却也达到了中短期内国家经济发展的目标,这是发展中国家乐于接收污染产业的重要原因。然而,生态危机的梯度传递,加剧了全球生态治理的失效,环境问题进一步威胁人类的生存和发展,增长的极限即将来临。中国积极参与全球生态治理,将成为全球生态治理的一支重要的力量,甚至是领导者。中国有希望开辟出一条全新的生态治理道路。

生态语言学视域下化妆品广告的非生态性研究

生态语言学是生态学与语言学相结合而形成的新兴语言学分支,其主张通过研究语言现象来探究语言与环境之间的关系以及环境对语言的影响。该文从生态语言学视角出发,结合绿色语法从生态和环境的角度对化妆品广告中进行生态批评分析。通过对20则化妆品广告中的态度资源进行分析,揭示广告语篇背后隐藏的非生态性,以期增强广告商和消费者的环保意识,提高人们对广告语篇中的非生态因素的鉴别能力,从而促进化妆品广告语篇和谐语言生态的建构。

英语语言系统的生态性与非生态性研究

根据索绪尔等语言学家的观点,语言系统是一种音义结合的聚合体,由能指与所指构成。生态语言学认为语言系统具有多样性、生态性与非生态性的显著特点。英语语言系统的生态性体现为其作为世界语言体系的一部分,有其产生、发展和衍变的一系列变化过程,符合语言生态发展的基本规律。英语语言系统的生态性与非生态性与英语语言发展的历史、英语在世界语言体系中的霸主地位以及人类在使用英语中与语言环境形成的相互影响相互制约的关系息息相关。

农村生态旅游模式及可持续发展对策研究

在我国,生态旅游经过近30年的发展,已经成为旅游业的中坚力量。农村生态旅游作为发生在农村地域的旅游形式,是生态旅游的重要组成部分,也在近年来随着大众旅游时代的到来变得如火如荼,蓬勃发展气势日盛,市场发展潜力巨大。本文旨在梳理农村生态旅游概念内涵的基础上,重点介绍当前国内比较典型的农村生态旅游模式,并就存在的"非生态性"问题提出"生态性"的应对策略。

技术人工物发展的生态逻辑

根据可供性理论分析了技术人工物的发展逻辑是生态与非生态转换,阐释了技术人工物经历了以工具为核心的发展阶段、动作机器为核心的发展阶段到智能人工物的三个阶段。以工具为核心的人工物是有机(身体)技术与无机技术的结合,属于非生态技术系统的萌芽期。以动作机器为核心的人工物代表了非生态技术系统的形成。智能人工物从身体动作替代转为智能替代,但其非生态的本质尚未改变,智能人工物今后的发展瓶颈就是如何解决其生态性存在。

社会生态:教育科学的历史偏离、复位与超越

非生态性生存的社会现实给以往各种社会暨教育理念理论打上程度不同的非生态性偏离的基本特征与烙印,这在教育科学领域的存在和表现尤为典型和突出,引致人类的文明生存出现日益严重的非生态性危机。在今日高科技的加速发展越来越要求、引领和推进全球社会生态化趋势日益凸现和强劲的时代条件下,教育社会学理应充分彰显和发挥自身作为教育科学乃至整个社会科学理论生态体系"拱顶"领域与学科的生位、特点、优势及职能,在回归人类社会生态性原质原貌的同时和基础上,把教育社会生态作为自己的历史原型、逻辑元点、结构框架、理念公理等方面的通用范式,整合、淬化和催生出真实完整地反映与推进人类生态性文明生存的教育科学乃至有机融合自然、社会、人文领域的综合社会科学生态体系,先行启动和实现全球社会生态化时代的生态范式革命。

基于生态经济视角的我国农业发展研究

生态经济学概念自从20世纪20年代中期首次提出以来就得到国内外各界的不断完善。我国农业发展存在着土地经营规模不大、人口规模的爆炸式增长、农业资源拥有量不足、科技贡献率处于较低水平等"非生态性"弊端。生态农业则从自身理论特点与我国农业实践出发提出了因地制宜、合理利用资源、加大科技开发和推广、加强政府管理与引导等合理化建议,这为我国绿色农业及社会的共同发展奠定了坚实的基础。

鄱阳湖生态经济区建设与区域教育变革

从本质内涵来看,鄱阳湖生态经济区建设对教育有特别的吁求。当前环鄱地区教育实践存在三个弊端:"非生态性";"单向度性";"非本土性",这些弊端满足不了鄱阳湖生态经济区建设的需要。为了更好地进行鄱阳湖生态经济区建设,在环鄱地区,必须要积极开展生态教育立法,强化区域生态科研与生态教育,在普通高等教育中要切实重视通识教育,另外,还要开发实施区域生态保护相关的校本课程。

家园生态互动探究

以生态世界观来看待幼儿园与家庭的共育形式，家园互动还只是流于形式，不能够促进幼儿身心的全面发展。因此，幼儿园和家长必须更新教育观念，树立家园生态互动的大教育观：以幼儿为中心，以促进幼儿的发展为根本。以期家园共育能够高度协调、和谐统一，互相学习、互相影响、共同发展。

我国新农村建设中金融供给问题研究

现阶段的新农村建设中,金融对农业的支持弱化已经成为农业发展的瓶颈。中国的“三农”资金需求依然无法得到满足,农村金融供给严重失衡,这种失衡在中国农村金融供给中更多地表现为供给主体变异、环境的非生态性等方面。而要提高农村金融资源的配置效率,就必须对当前的制度进行重新厘定,建立起协调机制、保障机制以及驱动机制,从而实现和谐供给。

Comparative study on three dynamic modulus of elasticity and static modulus of elasticity for Lodgepole pine lumber

The dynamic and static modulus of elasticity （MOE） between bluestained and non-bluestained lumber of Lodgepole pine were tested and analyzed by using three methods of Non-destructive testing （NDT）, Portable Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating Testing （Pundit）, Metriguard and Fast Fourier Transform （FFT） and the normal bending method. Results showed that the dynamic and static MOE of bluestained wood were higher than those of non-bluestained wood. The significant differences in dynamic MOE and static MOE were found between bulestained and non-bluestained wood, of which, the difference in each of three dynamic MOE （Ep. the ultrasonic wave modulus of elasticity, Ems, the stress wave modulus of elasticity and El, the longitudinal wave modulus of elasticity） between bulestained and non-bluestained wood arrived at the 0.01 significance level, whereas that in the static MOE at the 0.05 significance level. The differences in MOE between bulestained and non-bluestained wood were induced by the variation between sapwood and heartwood and the different densities of bulestained and non-bluestained wood. The correlation between dynamic MOE and static MOE was statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. Although the dynamic MOE values of Ep, Em, Er were significantly different, there exists a close relationship between them （arriving at the 0.01 correlation level）. Comparative analysis among the three techniques indicated that the accurateness of FFT was higher than that of Pundit and Metriguard. Effect of tree knots on MOE was also investigated. Result showed that the dynamic and static MOE gradually decreased with the increase of knot number, indicating that knot number had significant effect on MOE value.

Adaptability evaluation of transportation system and urban development

Sixty indexes, ranging from social development and economy increasing to ecological protection and transportation system construction, are chosen to construct an index system of adaptability evaluation on transportation system and urban development. A synthesis model with nonlinear characteristic is proposed, and the corresponding procedure is presented based on an improved AHP model, which utilizes the SVD method to improve the required precision of matrix with acceptable consistency weight and detect and amend the significant elements via distance and proximity so as to improve the whole consistency. Taking Shandong Province for the case study, experimental results indicate that the adaptability degree of the system is in an increasing state, which provides robust and effective support for decision-makers working on a range of problems and in various circumstances.

Application of the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbations Method in a Theoretical Grassland Ecosystem

Using a simplified nonlinearly theoretical grassland ecosystem proposed by Zeng et al.,we study the sensitivity and nonlinear instability of the grassland ecosystem to finiteamplitude initial perturbations with the approach of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation （CNOP）.The results show that the linearly stable grassland （desert or latent desert） states can turn to be nonlinearly unstable with finite amplitude initial perturbations.When the precipitation is between the two bifurcation points,a large enough finite amplitude initial perturbation can induce a transition between the grassland statethe desert state or the latent desert.

Application of a Derivative-Free Method with Projection Skill to Solve an Optimization Problem

Improving numerical forecasting skill in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences by solving optimization problems is an important issue. One such method is to compute the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP), which has been applied widely in predictability studies. In this study, the Differential Evolution(DE) algorithm, which is a derivative-free algorithm and has been applied to obtain CNOPs for exploring the uncertainty of terrestrial ecosystem processes, was employed to obtain the CNOPs for finite-dimensional optimization problems with ball constraint conditions using Burgers' equation. The aim was first to test if the CNOP calculated by the DE algorithm is similar to that computed by traditional optimization algorithms, such as the Spectral Projected Gradient(SPG2) algorithm. The second motive was to supply a possible route through which the CNOP approach can be applied in predictability studies in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences without obtaining a model adjoint system, or for optimization problems with non-differentiable cost functions. A projection skill was first explanted to the DE algorithm to calculate the CNOPs. To validate the algorithm, the SPG2 algorithm was also applied to obtain the CNOPs for the same optimization problems. The results showed that the CNOPs obtained by the DE algorithm were nearly the same as those obtained by the SPG2 algorithm in terms of their spatial distributions and nonlinear evolutions. The implication is that the DE algorithm could be employed to calculate the optimal values of optimization problems, especially for non-differentiable and nonlinear optimization problems associated with the atmospheric and oceanic sciences.

Soil Characteristics and Nutrients in Different Tea Garden Types in Fujian Province, China

Anxi is the largest producing area of Tie Guanyin tea in China. “The cultural system of Tie Guanyin tea in Anxi” was selected as “Nationaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems” （China-NIAHS） in 2014. Tea gardens in this region are organic, ecological or non-ecological. After sampling the soil in these three kinds of tea gardens, we compared soil properties and nutrient content at different soil depths using physical and chemical analyses. Our aim was to provide a scientiifc basis for the management of tea plantations. We measured and analyzed soil in two organic, three ecological and one non-ecological tea gardens at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in Anxi County. According to Duncan multiple comparisons and t tests, soil nutrients differed between organic and ecological or non-ecological tea gardens at 0–10 cm. Organic matter and total nitrogen differed between organic and non-ecological tea garden soils at 10–20 cm. In organic tea gardens, soil bulk density, porosity, relative water content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were advantageous for tea tree growth. In ecological tea gardens, the indicators were appropriate and relatively advantageous for tea tree growth at a soil depth of 0–10 cm. For non-ecological tea garden, the nutrients were at a compact level and negatively affect tea growth. These results show that soil properties and nutrient content in organic and ecological tea gardens are superior to non-ecological tea garden. The development of organic tea gardens is the most suitable strategy for the growth of tea trees.

COMPLEX ECO-ECONOMY SYSTEM

In the past there were a lot of researches on the topic of economic growth. Nevertheless, the environment has been a bit abstracted by standard economics. Scarce natural resources and our choices to protect them or exploit them jointly determine the economic and environmental systems. In this paper we describe a model with a particular focus on the relationship among income, pollution, and non-renewable resources. We want to combine both economic and environmental sectors. The system dynamics approach is used in analyzing these complex relationships. This paper gives an insight into the possibilities for replacing non-renewable resources with more renewable ones. Next, we present the simulation runs of the model that are conducted with the help of existing system dynamics modeling tools. Only the relationships simulated so far between the variables ought to be put under yet more cautious examination.

OBSERVATION OF NONLINEAR VERTICUM-TYPE SYSTEMS APPLIED TO ECOLOGICAL MONITORING

In this paper the concept of a nonlinear verticumtype observation system is introduced. These systems are composed from several ＂subsystems＂ connected sequentially in a particular way： a part of the state variables of each ＂subsystem＂ also appears in the next ＂subsystem＂ as an ＂exogenous variable＂ which can also be interpreted as a con trol generated by an ＂exosystem＂. Therefore these ＂subsystems＂ are not observation systems, but formally can be considered as controlobservation systems. The problem of observability of such systems can be reduced to rank conditions on the ＂subsystems＂. Indeed, under the condition of Lyapunov stability of an equilibrium of the ＂large＂, verticumtype system, it is shown that the Kalman rank condition on the linearization of the ＂subsystems＂ implies the observability of the original, nonlinear verticumtype system. For an illustration of the above linearization result, a stagestructured fishery model with reserve area is considered. Observability for this system is obtained by applying the above linearization and decomposition approach. Furthermore, it is also shown that, applying an appropriate observer design method to each subsystem, from the observa tion of the biomass densities of the adult （harvested） stage, in both areas, the biomass densities of the prerecruit stage can be efficiently estimated.

Impaired function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus rescues the loss of body temperature homeostasis caused by time-restricted feeding

The suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)is the master circadian pacemaker that drives body temperature rhythm.Time-restricted feeding(TRF)has potential as a preventative or therapeutic approach against many diseases.The potential side effects of TRF remain unknown.Here we show that daily 4-h TRF treatment in mice can severely impair body temperature homeostasis and can result in lethality.Nearly half of the mice died at 21℃,and all mice died at 18℃during 4-h TRF.This effect was modulated by the circadian clock and was associated with severe hypothermia due to loss of body temperature homeostasis.Remarkably,disrupting the circadian clock by SCN lesions or constant light rescued lethality during TRF.Analysis of circadian gene expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus(DMH)demonstrated that TRF reprograms rhythmic transcriptome in DMH and suppresses expression of genes,such as Ccr5 and Calcrl,which are involved in thermoregulation.Together,our results demonstrated a potent effect of TRF on body temperature homeostasis and the role of SCN function in this process.Our results further suggested that circadian arrhythmicity can have potential beneficial effects under certain stress conditions.

OVERVIEW OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS IN SPORT

The complex systems approach offers an opportunity to replace the extant pre-dominant mechanistic view on sport-related phenomena.The emphasis on the environment-system relationship,the applications of complexity principles,and the use of nonlinear dynamics mathematical tools propose a deep change in sport science.Coordination dynamics,ecological dynamics,and network approaches have been successfully applied to the study of different sport-related behaviors,from movement patterns that emerge at different scales constrained by specific sport contexts to game dynamics.Sport benefit from the use of such approaches in the understanding of technical,tactical,or physical conditioning aspects which change their meaning and dilute their frontiers.The creation of new learning and training strategies for teams and individual athletes is a main practical consequence.Some challenges for the future are investigating the influence of key control parameters in the nonlinear behavior of athlete-environment systems and the possible relatedness of the dynamics and constraints acting at different spatio-temporal scales in team sports.Modelling sport-related phenomena can make useful contributions to a better understanding of complex systems and vice-versa.