Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy s...Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy sources; and by dealing with environmental issues. One such environmental issue is the unsustainable use of agricultural land. There is a need in South Africa there to convert to sustainable and renewable energy resources, such as biofuels, but the production of biofuels will ultimately place pressure on the limited and fragile agricultural resources of the country. This paper sets out firstly to investigate national agricultural policies which could impact on the production of biofuels. It points out that national agricultural policies are hampering the domestic production of biofuels in that the focus is on land reform and increasing the volume of agricultural exports, whereas the provision of food and energy to meet domestic needs features only as a secondary aim. The second objective of this paper is to investigate the possibility of utilising energy crops for biofuel production in South Africa. Annual agricultural production, surplus import and export figures, provide an indication of the capacity of South African farmers to produce crops for biofuel production.展开更多
Alkaline phosphatases(APs) are non-specifi c phosphohydrolases, and they are widely used in clinical diagnostics and biological studies. APs are widespread in nature and exhibit dif ferent structural formulations. Bas...Alkaline phosphatases(APs) are non-specifi c phosphohydrolases, and they are widely used in clinical diagnostics and biological studies. APs are widespread in nature and exhibit dif ferent structural formulations. Based on the diversity of biogenetic sources, APs exhibit temperature-propensity traits, and they are classifi ed as psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic. In this article, the characteristics of psychrophilic APs from marine organisms were described, accompanied by a simple description of APs from other organisms. This review will facilitate better utilization of marine APs in the biotechnology fi eld.展开更多
Methane-rich fluids were recognized to be hosted in the reservoir volcanic rocks as primary inclusions. Samples were collected from core-drillings of volcanic gas reservoirs with reversed δ13C of alkane in the Xujiaw...Methane-rich fluids were recognized to be hosted in the reservoir volcanic rocks as primary inclusions. Samples were collected from core-drillings of volcanic gas reservoirs with reversed δ13C of alkane in the Xujiaweizi depression of the Songliao Basin. The volcanic rocks are rhyolite dominant being enriched in the more incompatible elements like Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U and Th with relative high LREE, depleted HREE and negative anomalies of Ti and Nb, suggesting a melt involving both in mantle source and crustal assimilation. Primary fluids hosted in the volcanic rocks should have the same provenance with the magma. The authors concluded that the enclosed CH4 in the volcanics are mantle/magma-derived alkane and the reversed δ13C of alkane in the corresponding gas reservoirs is partly resulted from mixture between biogenic and abiogenic gases.展开更多
Natural landscapes provide ability to live of local people. Because of the lack of information about the rent streams which are created in non-wood resources usage sphere, the priority of the state policy is given to ...Natural landscapes provide ability to live of local people. Because of the lack of information about the rent streams which are created in non-wood resources usage sphere, the priority of the state policy is given to the wood crude product. The purpose of this article is to explain why the ecology-economic accounting of wildlife resources is needed. Methodological approaches of the environment resources by the United Nations allow to define the rent streams created in sector of private households. Based on full economic value of non-wood resources the measurement of rent flows will allow to carry out updating of a state policy and to develop the mechanism of natural landscapes preservation and to increase socially-ecological efficiency of it＇s using.展开更多
Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy s...Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy sources; and by addressing environmental issues. It is an absolute necessity in South Africa to utilise sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, but the production of bio-ethanol will ultimately place pressure on the limited and fragile agricultural resources of the country. Because of the proposed bio-ethanol plant at Bothaville this paper will firstly develop a methodology suitable for South African conditions in order to establish whether agricultural crops could be used for the production of biofuels. Secondly, it probes the suitability of maize as a biofuel crop in this country by investigating four possible bio-ethanol potential scenarios which are qualitatively formulated to provide a comprehensive overview of this study. Only in the best-case scenario could maize produce the required volumes as set out by the South African government for 2013.展开更多
The world is experiencing a growing shortage of raw materials which is especially severe in the energy sector and being worsened by the unfavorable environmental impact of a consumerist cultttre revolving around the e...The world is experiencing a growing shortage of raw materials which is especially severe in the energy sector and being worsened by the unfavorable environmental impact of a consumerist cultttre revolving around the exploitation of non-renewable resources. In this work, the calorific value and chemical composition of liquors resulting from the autohydrolysis of six different lignocellulosic materials was determined （Eucalyptus globulus, Arundo donax, Leucaena diversifolia, Paulownia fortunei, Sunflower stalks and Chamaecytisus proliferus） and was assessed for the obtainment of energy, sugars and other chemical products by using of integral fractionation based on autohydrolysis. Autohydrolysis processes have been considered interesting in the case of timber species studied compared with herbaceous species with variations in the extraction of the xylan fraction at 180℃ between 19.68% for Eucalyptus globulus and 36.79% for Leucaena diversifolia and 200℃ between 57.86% for Paulawniafortunei and 79.13 % for Chamaecytisusproliferus. In general, all materials show a solid fraction ＂more energy＂ from the hydrolysis to 200℃ than 180℃ and raw materials. It is interesting as the potential economy valuation of the liquid fractions of the hydrolysis, the solid waste recovery present more energetic profitability.展开更多
文摘Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy sources; and by dealing with environmental issues. One such environmental issue is the unsustainable use of agricultural land. There is a need in South Africa there to convert to sustainable and renewable energy resources, such as biofuels, but the production of biofuels will ultimately place pressure on the limited and fragile agricultural resources of the country. This paper sets out firstly to investigate national agricultural policies which could impact on the production of biofuels. It points out that national agricultural policies are hampering the domestic production of biofuels in that the focus is on land reform and increasing the volume of agricultural exports, whereas the provision of food and energy to meet domestic needs features only as a secondary aim. The second objective of this paper is to investigate the possibility of utilising energy crops for biofuel production in South Africa. Annual agricultural production, surplus import and export figures, provide an indication of the capacity of South African farmers to produce crops for biofuel production.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Creative Research Groups(No.41221004)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2011DQ005)+6 种基金the Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science and Engineering,SOA(No.MESE-2013-03)the Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas,State Oceanic Administration(No.201306)the Major International Joint Research Project of NSFC(No.41320104008)the Changjiang Scholars Program,Ministry of Education of Chinathe Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Provincethe Key Lab of Marine Bioactive Substance and Modern Analytical Technique,SOA(No.MBSMAT-2013-05)This is MCTL Contribution No.81
文摘Alkaline phosphatases(APs) are non-specifi c phosphohydrolases, and they are widely used in clinical diagnostics and biological studies. APs are widespread in nature and exhibit dif ferent structural formulations. Based on the diversity of biogenetic sources, APs exhibit temperature-propensity traits, and they are classifi ed as psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic. In this article, the characteristics of psychrophilic APs from marine organisms were described, accompanied by a simple description of APs from other organisms. This review will facilitate better utilization of marine APs in the biotechnology fi eld.
基金Supported by NSFC project No. 40372066 and SRFDP No. 20030183042
文摘Methane-rich fluids were recognized to be hosted in the reservoir volcanic rocks as primary inclusions. Samples were collected from core-drillings of volcanic gas reservoirs with reversed δ13C of alkane in the Xujiaweizi depression of the Songliao Basin. The volcanic rocks are rhyolite dominant being enriched in the more incompatible elements like Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U and Th with relative high LREE, depleted HREE and negative anomalies of Ti and Nb, suggesting a melt involving both in mantle source and crustal assimilation. Primary fluids hosted in the volcanic rocks should have the same provenance with the magma. The authors concluded that the enclosed CH4 in the volcanics are mantle/magma-derived alkane and the reversed δ13C of alkane in the corresponding gas reservoirs is partly resulted from mixture between biogenic and abiogenic gases.
文摘Natural landscapes provide ability to live of local people. Because of the lack of information about the rent streams which are created in non-wood resources usage sphere, the priority of the state policy is given to the wood crude product. The purpose of this article is to explain why the ecology-economic accounting of wildlife resources is needed. Methodological approaches of the environment resources by the United Nations allow to define the rent streams created in sector of private households. Based on full economic value of non-wood resources the measurement of rent flows will allow to carry out updating of a state policy and to develop the mechanism of natural landscapes preservation and to increase socially-ecological efficiency of it＇s using.
文摘Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy sources; and by addressing environmental issues. It is an absolute necessity in South Africa to utilise sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, but the production of bio-ethanol will ultimately place pressure on the limited and fragile agricultural resources of the country. Because of the proposed bio-ethanol plant at Bothaville this paper will firstly develop a methodology suitable for South African conditions in order to establish whether agricultural crops could be used for the production of biofuels. Secondly, it probes the suitability of maize as a biofuel crop in this country by investigating four possible bio-ethanol potential scenarios which are qualitatively formulated to provide a comprehensive overview of this study. Only in the best-case scenario could maize produce the required volumes as set out by the South African government for 2013.
文摘The world is experiencing a growing shortage of raw materials which is especially severe in the energy sector and being worsened by the unfavorable environmental impact of a consumerist cultttre revolving around the exploitation of non-renewable resources. In this work, the calorific value and chemical composition of liquors resulting from the autohydrolysis of six different lignocellulosic materials was determined （Eucalyptus globulus, Arundo donax, Leucaena diversifolia, Paulownia fortunei, Sunflower stalks and Chamaecytisus proliferus） and was assessed for the obtainment of energy, sugars and other chemical products by using of integral fractionation based on autohydrolysis. Autohydrolysis processes have been considered interesting in the case of timber species studied compared with herbaceous species with variations in the extraction of the xylan fraction at 180℃ between 19.68% for Eucalyptus globulus and 36.79% for Leucaena diversifolia and 200℃ between 57.86% for Paulawniafortunei and 79.13 % for Chamaecytisusproliferus. In general, all materials show a solid fraction ＂more energy＂ from the hydrolysis to 200℃ than 180℃ and raw materials. It is interesting as the potential economy valuation of the liquid fractions of the hydrolysis, the solid waste recovery present more energetic profitability.
