聚变堆非电应用的研究进展(英文)

近几十年来,ITER(国际热核实验堆)计划在为将来提供商业用电研究方面取得了较大的进展。ITER首先打算搭建一个实验聚变堆,然后再建设一个商业示范聚变堆为今后的正式商业发电做出一定的铺垫。但根据如今世界范围内的研究进展,实现聚变堆的商业发电至少要在2050年。在此之前有必要扩大聚变堆的研究范围,因此聚变堆的非电应用研究必须受到足够的重视。聚变堆的非电应用研究包括短期应用研究和长期应用研究,短期应用研究主要体现在医学、危险物的检测等领域的研究,长期应用研究主要体现在嬗变、氢的制备、空间助推器等领域的研究。综述了聚变堆在各个方面的非电应用研究,并且讨论和举证了聚变堆非电应用的可行性。

Application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and neural network in power transformer risk assessment

In operation,risk arising from power transformer faults is of much uncertainty and complicacy.To timely and objectively control the risks,a transformer risk assessment method based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) and artificial neural network(ANN) from the perspective of accuracy and quickness is proposed.An analytic hierarchy process model for the transformer risk assessment is built by analysis of the risk factors affecting the transformer risk level and the weight relation of each risk factor in transformer risk calculation is analyzed by application of fuzzy consistency judgment matrix;with utilization of adaptive ability and nonlinear mapping ability of the ANN,the risk factors with large weights are used as input of neutral network,and thus intelligent quantitative assessment of transformer risk is realized.The simulation result shows that the proposed method increases the speed and accuracy of the risk assessment and can provide feasible decision basis for the transformer risk management and maintenance decisions.

Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Methods for the Study of Physiological Condition and Resistance against Abiotic Factors of Grapevine

The purpose of this study was to explore influence of abiotic factors, such as high temperature, water deficiency and high solar radiation on the photomembrane of grapevine leaves. Grapevine leaves were collected from variety Rkatsiteli （Vitis vinifera） and placed at a temperature of ＋45 ℃ and ＋55 ℃ for 5 rain, respectively. The relative volume of water in leaves was gradually reduced to 50%, and then leaves were irradiated with 6,000 pmol/m2.s of white light. Changes provoked by stressful abiotie factors were determined using rapid and delayed chlorophyll fluorescence methods. It was shown that value of variable component of chlorophyll fluorescence （Fv）, intensity of electron transport between the photosystems （ETR）, intensity of expended electrons in carboxylation （ETRn） and oxygenation （ETRp） and index of non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, allow studying molecular mechanisms of the impact of abiotic factors and the resulting damage degree. Based on delayed and rapid fluorescence data, it was demonstrated that temperature of ＋45 ℃ adversely affects oxygen production system and CO2 assimilation mechanisms, while at ＋55 ℃, the ETR decreases. Reduction of relative water volume in leaves up to 50%-55% leads to sharp reduction in ETR and inhibition of photosynthesis. In case of irradiation of leaves with high-intensity light of 6,000 μmol/m2.s, NPQ of light falling on a leaf increases, thus protecting photosynthesis apparatus from damage.

Nonlinear parity space applied to an electric autonomous vehicle

The autonomous navigation of an electric vehicle requires the implementation of a number of sensors and actuators intended to inform it about his environment or his position and velocity and deliver necessary inputs. That＇s why it is important to detect and locate sensor and actuator faults as soon as possible to enable the operator to run the vehicle in degraded mode or use the fault tolerant control system if it exists. The main purpose of this paper deals with sensors or actuators faults diagnosis of autonomous vehicle. A diagnosis method using a nonlinear model of the vehicle is developed. Nonlinear state space model of the autonomous electric vehicle is used with the method of nonlinear analytical redundancy to detect and to isolate faults occurred on sensors or actuators. Computer simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the method.

未来先进核裂变能——TMSR核能系统

钍基熔盐堆(TMSR)核能系统项目是中科院未来10年先导研究专项之一,其研究目标是研发第四代裂变反应堆核能系统,计划至2020年之前建成2MW钍基熔盐实验堆,形成支撑未来TMSR核能系统发展的若干技术研发能力,并解决钍铀燃料循环和钍基熔盐堆相关重大技术挑战,研制出工业示范级钍基熔盐堆,实现钍资源的有效使用和核能的综合利用。钍基核燃料具有232Th/233U转换效率高、在热中子堆中也能增殖、产生较少的高毒性放射性核素、有利于防核扩散等优点,但也面临燃料制备困难、232U衰变子核的强γ辐射给乏燃料处理和燃料再加工带来的困难、钍铀转换反应链中间核233Pa会吸收堆内中子从而影响233U产量。核燃料利用的工作模式有开环模式、改进的开环模式和闭环模式。熔盐堆是第四代反应堆的6个候选堆型之一,非常适合用作钍铀燃料循环,熔盐堆加上干法在线分离技术有可能实现完全的钍铀燃料闭式循环。本世纪初提出的氟盐冷却高温堆(Fluoride salt-cooled High temperature Reactors,FHRs),用氟化熔盐作为冷却剂,采用TRISO燃料颗粒作为核燃料,其中球床型氟盐冷却高温堆可以在改进的开环模式实现钍铀燃料循环。熔盐堆良好的高温特性使其成为核能非电应用主要候选者之一,反应堆产生的高温热可直接用于页岩油开采和高温制氢等工业领域。

Electrochemical energy storage applications of “pristine” graphene produced by non-oxidative routes

Graphene is a promising material as both active components and additives in electrochemical energy storage devices. The properties of graphene strongly depend on the fabrication methods. The applications of reduced graphene oxide as electrode materials have been well studied and reviewed, but the using of "pristine" graphene as electrode material for energy storage is still a new topic. In this paper, we review state-of-the-art progress in the fabrication of "pristine" graphene by different methods and the electrochemical performance of graphene-based electrodes. The achievements in this area will be summarized and compared with the graphene oxide route in terms of cost, scalability, material properties and performances, and the challenges in these methods will be discussed as well.

The Dimensions and Influence of China＇s African Power： Applying Theoretical Considerations in Practice

This study applies theoretical properties of inter-nation influence to trace China＇s attempt to affect the behavior of African states. There are some important dimensions of power that place China＇s authority into the context of the African environment, which include scope, domain, weight, and means. In addition, an analytical framework is employed to shed hght on the attempt to influence African states by looking at the concepts of interdependence, the ability to influence the behavior of African states and China＇s preferences regarding this influencing behavior. It is argued that persuasion as an influencing technique expresses China＇s ability to induce African states to act how they might not otherwise do, or even consider. This is in contrast to coercive diplomacy that aims to halt courses African states are already pursuing or to commence with a course they are not pursuing. Influencing the thoughts, behet~ and ideas of African leaders in a multidimensional manner rather than acting as a single entity determines this set of interactions. Attempts to influence the behavior of African states to obtain outcomes are therefore an indispensable part of its African engagement.

Laser-Plasma Interaction in Presence of an Obliquely External Magnetic Field:Application to Laser Fusion without Radioactivity

In this paper, the nonlinear interaction of ultra-high power laser beam with fusion plasma at relativistic regime in the presence of obliquely external magnetic field has been studied. Imposing an external magnetic field on plasma can modify the density profile of the plasma so that the thermal conductivity of electrons reduces which is considered to be the decrease of the threshold energy for ignition. To achieve the fusion of Hydrogen–Boron(HB) fuel,the block acceleration model of plasma is employed. Energy production by HB isotopes can be of interest, since its reaction does not generate radioactive tritium. By using the inhibit factor in the block model acceleration of plasma and Maxwell's as well as the momentum transfer equations, the electron density distribution and dielectric permittivity of the plasma medium are obtained. Numerical results indicate that with increasing the intensity of the external magnetic field, the oscillation of the laser magnetic field decreases, while the dielectric permittivity increases. Moreover, the amplitude of the electron density becomes highly peaked and the plasma electrons are strongly bunched with increasing the intensity of external magnetic field. Therefore, the magnetized plasma can act as a positive focusing lens to enhance the fusion process. Besides, we find that with increasing θ-angle(from oblique external magnetic field) between 0 and 90°, the dielectric permittivity increases, while for θ between 90° and 180°, the dielectric permittivity decreases with increasing θ.