美国非白人移民文学中的族裔文化认同研究——以托妮·莫里森和谭恩美的创作为例

表现非白人移民的自我文化身份认同和他者文化身份认同的矛盾是诸多非白人移民文学的重要题材，这些作品通过探讨造成这种文化认同困境的历史背景和现实原因，表明具有不同族裔身份的人在多元文化景观中应该互为主体．才能真正实现族裔文化之间的融合。

“机械运转背后隐藏的力量”:薇拉·凯瑟小说中的多元文化情结

有些学者论及凯瑟与欧洲移民朝夕相处,乃至她与印第安文明接触的经历,却并未注意到黑人对她的影响。实际上这种影响以潜文本的形式存在于她的作品中,使其结构模式有一种不拘节奏的非裔美国文化格调,与主流文化的审美原则迥然不同。对黑人文化给予美国文学的贡献进行考察,按照托尼.莫里逊的主张寻找"机械运转背后隐藏的力量",有助于我们洞悉凯瑟作品中的多元文化情结。从东欧、北欧移民的母语、印第安人的建筑到黒人音乐,诸多非英裔白人新教徒文化都对凯瑟产生潜移默化的影响,使她的作品呈现出多元文化的风采。

17世纪至20世纪中叶中国与南非的关系

It was after South Africa became a Dutch colony in 1652 that the Chinese had contact with it,as was evidenced by records.For catering to the colony’s demand on skilled labor,the Cape Colony authority requested many times to import Chinese labor from the Dutch Java.Following the ’Red Stream Incident’ in which the Chinese in Java rose against the Dutch colonial rule,the colonial administration tranported the Chinese political prisoners to South Africa as slave labor.After taking over the Cape Colony in 1815,Britain imported for several times both the contract labor and indentured labor from Canton.The discovery of the Rand Goldfields attracted thousands of Chinese from the Mauritius to Transvaal.Between 1904-1910,the South African goldmine corporations imported from China altogether 63,695 contract laborers.For 300 years,the Chinese South Africans,like the black people,were subject to brutal oppression by the white racist laws,living a humiliate and sad life.The Chinese South Africans with their limited number waged struggle in various ways for defending their dignity,attaining the stature of a deeply moving history in making unremitting efforts to improve themselves.Without the complete elimination of the racial segregation system in South Africa in 1994,it would have been impossible for China and South Africa to establish normal and friendly relations.

Microscopic colitis

Microscopic colitis may be defined as a clinical syndrome, of unknown etiology, consisting of chronic watery diarrhea, with no alterations in the large bowel at the endoscopic and radiologic evaluation. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis is only possible by histological analysis. The epidemiological impact of this disease has become increasingly clear in the last years, with most data coming from Western countries. Microscopic colitis includes two histological subtypes [collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC)] with no differences in clinical presentation and management. Collagenous colitis is characterized by a thickening of the subepithelial collagen layer that is absent in LC. The main feature of LC is an increase of the density of intra-epithelial lymphocytes in the surface epithelium. A number of pathogenetic theories have been proposed over the years, involving the role of luminal agents, autoimmunity, eosinophils, genetics (human leukocyte antigen), biliary acids, infections, alterations of pericryptal fibroblasts, and drug intake; drugs like ticlopidine, carbamazepine or ranitidine are especially associated with the development of LC, while CC is more frequently linked to cimetidine, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and lansoprazole. Microscopic colitis typically presents as chronic or intermittent watery diarrhea, that may be accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss and incontinence. Recent evidence has added new pharmacological options for the treatment of microscopic colitis:the role of steroidal therapy, especially oral budesonide, has gained relevance, as well as immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. The use of anti-tumor necrosis factoragents, infliximab and adalimumab, constitutes a new, interesting tool for the treatment of microscopic colitis, but larger, adequately designed studies are needed to confirm existing data.

一部全面认识南非的好书──读《南非──富饶而多难的土地》

一部全面认识南非的好书──读《南非──富饶而多难的土地》夏吉生南非问题长期以来一直是世界上的一个热点问题。９０年代南非开始和平民主进程直至举行第一次多种族大选和建立民族团结政府，这一问题更加令人注目。这不仅因为南非是非洲的一个有影响和经济实力最强的国...

The expression and significance of cyclin B1 and survivin in human non-small cell lung cancer

Objective:We studied the expression of cyclin B1 and survivin in human non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and the relationship between such expression and clinicopathological features of NSCLC.Methods:One hundred cases of tissue specimen including NSCLC,neighboring noncancerous tissue and normal lung tissue were collected at random.These specimens were detected by immunohistochemical methods.Results:The expression of cyclin B1 and survivin showed significant difference(P < 0.01) between NSCLC tissues,proliferating epithelial cells of bronchioles and small bronchi in neighboring noncancerous tissues,and normal lung tissues.Compared with normal lung tissues,there was an overexpression of cyclin B1 and survivin in NSCLC and an enhancing expression of cyclin B1 and survivin in proliferating epithelial cells of bronchioles and small bronchi in neighboring noncancerous tissues.Significantly positive correlation was found between the overexpression of cyclin B1 and that of survivin in 100 NSCLC cases(P < 0.01).The significantly positive correlation was also found between the enhancing expression of cyclin B1 and that of survivin in proliferating epithelial cells of bronchioles and small bronchi in neighboring noncancerous tissues(P < 0.01).No statistical significance was found between the different histological types,the differentiated degree,lymphatic metastasis and the expression of cyclin B1 and survivin(P > 0.05) in NSCLC.Statistical significance was marked between different clinical stages of NSCLC and the expression of cyclin B1 and survivin(P < 0.05).Conclusion:The overexpression of cyclin B1 and survivin was found in NSCLC.The expression of cyclin B1 and survivin might be up-regulated during an early step of tumorigenesis and during the development of NSCLC.The progression of cell cycle could be efficiently connected with the control of apoptosis by the interrelations between the overexpression of cyclin B1 and that of survivin in NSCLC during the G2/M phase.The overexpression of cyclin B1 and survivin might be used as marker in showing the dividing and proliferating ability,and the inhibiting apoptosis ability(lengthening cell lifespan) of NSCLC.Moreover,the overexpression of cyclin B1 and survivin was associated with the clinic stages of NSCLC.

Rates of hospitalization among African American and Caucasian American patients with Crohn’s disease seen at a tertiary care center

Background:There is equivocal evidence regarding differences in the clinical course and outcomes of Crohn’s disease(CD)among African Americans compared with Caucasian Americans.We sought to analyze whether African Americans with CD are more likely to be hospitalized for CD-related complications when compared with Caucasian Americans with CD.Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 909 African Americans and Caucasian Americans with CD who were seen at our tertiary care Inflammatory Bowel Disease(IBD)referral center between 2000 and 2013.We calculated the rate of hospitalization for CD-related complications among African Americans and Caucasian Americans separately.Zero-inflated Poisson regression models with robust variance estimates were used to estimate crude and multivariable adjusted rate ratios(RR)for CD-related hospitalizations.Multivariable adjusted models included adjustment for age,sex,duration of CD,smoking and CD therapy.Results:The cumulative rate of CD-related hospital admissions was higher among African American patients compared with Caucasian American patients(395.6/1000 person-years in African Americans vs.230.4/1000 person-years in Caucasian Americans).Unadjusted and multivariable adjusted rate ratios for CD-related hospitalization comparing African Americans and Caucasian Americans were 1.59(95%confidence interval[95%CI]:1.10–2.29;P=0.01)and 1.44(95%CI:1.02–2.03;P=0.04),respectively.Conclusions:African Americans with CD followed at a tertiary IBD-referral center had a higher rate for CD-related hospitalizations compared with Caucasian Americans.Future studies should examine whether socioeconomic status and biologic markers of disease status could explain the higher risk observed among African Americans.

Asymmetrical mate preference in recently adapted White Sands and black lava populations of Sceloporus undulatus

Speciation can proceed rapidly when natural and sexual selection act in concert. For example speciation can be ac- celerated when traits that confer a selective advantage in a particular habitat also influence mate preference. Studying parallel but evolutionarily independent instances of ecological divergence can illuminate the interaction between natural and sexual selection during speciation. Locally adapted populations of the eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus have recently evolved in three different habitats in the Chihuahuan desert： blanched color morphs occur on the gypsum dunes of White Sands, melanic color morphs occur on the Carrizozo lava flow, and brown color morphs occur in the surrounding desert scrubland. In addition to dif- ferences in cryptic dorsal coloration, populations also differ in the size and color of ventral patches used for social signaling. This system therefore provides an opportunity to investigate the interplay of natural and sexual selection during rapid ecological speci- ation. We used mate preference experiments to determine whether locally adapted populations may exhibit the early stages of be- havioral reproductive isolation. We observed an asymmetrical mate preference in this system; White Sands males preferentially courted local females, while males from dark soils and black lava populations did not exhibit a preference for local mates. We also found that female behavior and ventral patch phenotype were associated with male courtship. Our results suggest that the observed preference for local mates evolved at White Sands, and we discuss the possible link between local adaptation and traits involved in mate preference in this system [Current Zoology 59 （1）： 20-30, 2013].