通过课堂观察促进教师发展:英国非等级性课堂观察研究

英国教育标准局宣布各类学校开始试行非等级性课堂观察,使教师评价的重心转向促进教师专业发展。非等级性课堂观察的实施过程一般包括以下五个环节:观察员的培训、观察前的讨论、进行正式观察、反馈和辅导、跟进教师行动计划。英国非等级性课堂观察的实施的启示:发挥课堂观察促进教师发展的价值,使课堂观察更加专业,重视教师专业发展的有效性。

基于全卷积网络的红外图像非均匀性校正算法

针对红外成像系统在经过两点校正后,随时间漂移仍然会出现的非均匀性噪声,提出一种基于全卷积深度学习网络的红外图像非均匀性校正算法,使用子网络与主网络相结合的方式进行非均匀性校正。该算法设计了非均匀性等级估计子网络,将含有非均匀性噪声的红外图像输入子网络后,输出非均匀性等级估计图,并和待校正红外图像一并输入校正主网络。子网络生成的非均匀性等级估计图作为一个参数输入校正主网络,避免了网络只针对同一等级非均匀性产生过拟合。经过实验验证,该算法克服了传统的基于场景的算法所产生的边缘模糊问题,对条纹状非均匀性噪声校正效果较好,经过校正后的红外图像清晰度高、细节丰富、边缘清晰、图像质量良好。

连接赫尔巴特和杜威:本纳普通科学教学论的考察

如何连接并超越赫尔巴特教育性教学的知识传统和杜威教育性经验的问题探究传统,来重塑德国普通教学论,本纳在其最新的科学教学论中予以了回应。多元的知识形式之间具有一种非等级性的关系,这些多元的知识形式都有其自身独特且关键的方法论;方法处于主体—方法—客体的核心位置;教学过程必须涉及提问、指示、回答三个元素;教学过程通过教育行动敦促学生产生教化行动,并迈向方法能力的掌握和运用(即达到自我活动),也就是说,教学涉及三种因果性:教育因果性、教化因果性和方法因果性;把方法因果性作为教育实践的终点,从而把高阶能力培养内化到教育学理论本身。本纳的科学教学论及其经典性的普通教育学原创性地提出了知识形式的非等级性和分化的实践领域的非等级性,从而捍卫了教育和教学的自身逻辑。

基于语料库的现在完成体与动词语义适配性研究

本研究基于BNC和COCA两库探讨了英语现在完成体与动词的语义适配性。利用构式搭配分析法识别出与完成体具有吸引和排斥关系的动词表,并按照动词体类型对其进行分类分析。结果表明,完成体与成就和完结动词具有吸引关系,与活动和状态动词之间的关系呈现分化,有些活动和状态动词被其吸引,有些被其排斥。此种吸引又排斥的关系可以通过等级性和非等级性语义特征的区分得到更合理的解释。等级性动词倾向于被完成体吸引,非等级性动词倾向于被排斥。综合词汇和构式的语义适配性可以相对全面地解释完成体对动词类型的选择性。

现代教育的自身逻辑的寻求及其对创新人才培养的意义

德国教育学界一直有着强烈的学科意识,有着捍卫教育和教育学的自身逻辑的传统,特别是德国特色的精神科学教育学更是被看作是为了教育自身的教育学,但是,随着这种教育学在20世纪60年代的终结,教育和教育学的自主性又面临新的危机。德国当代著名教育学家本纳从非等级性的实践哲学的角度为教育和教育学安身立命,尽管这一体现了德国教育学发展又一个新的高峰的努力,在世界教育和教育学日益工具化的今天,不无某种西西弗斯式的味道,却对我们创新人才的培养,具有重要的启示意义。

Inter- and intraspecific variability of plant individual growth and its role on species ranking in grasslands

Aims Individual growth constitutes a major component of individual fitness.However,measuring growth rates of herbaceous plants non-destructively at the individual level is notoriously difficult.This study,based on an accurate non-destructive method of aboveground biomass estimation,aims to assess individual relative growth rates(RGRs)of some species,identify its environmental drivers and test its consequences on community patterning.We specifically address three questions:(i)to what extent environmental conditions explain differences in individual plant growth between sites,(ii)what is the magnitude of intraspecific variability of plant individual growth within and between sites and(iii)do species-averaged(dis-)advantage of individual growth compared with the whole vegetation within a site correlate with species ranking at the community level?Methods We monitored the growth of individuals of four common perennial species in 18 permanent grasslands chosen along a large pedoclimatic gradient located in the Massif Central,France.We measured soil properties,levels of resources and meteorological parameters to characterize environmental conditions at the site level.This design enables us to assess the influence of environmental conditions on individual growth and the relative extent of inter-individual variability of growth explained within and between sites.We determined the ranking of each of the four species in each site with botanical surveys to assess the relationship between species-averaged growth(dis-)advantage relative to the whole community and species rank in the community.Important Findings We found that environmental conditions explain a significant proportion of individual growth variability,and that this proportion is strongly variable between species.Light availability was the main driver of plant growth,followed by rainfall amount and potential evapotranspiration,while soil properties had only a slight effect.We further highlighted a moderate to high within-site inter-individual variability of growth.We finally showed that there was no correlation between species ranking and species-averaged individual growth.