产业结构高度化是这样一个过程:原有要素和资源从劳动生产率较低的产业部门向劳动生产率较高的产业部门转移,新增的要素和资源也被配置到劳动生产率较高的产业部门,以此使得劳动生产率较高的产业部门的份额不断上升,不同产业部门的劳动...产业结构高度化是这样一个过程:原有要素和资源从劳动生产率较低的产业部门向劳动生产率较高的产业部门转移,新增的要素和资源也被配置到劳动生产率较高的产业部门,以此使得劳动生产率较高的产业部门的份额不断上升,不同产业部门的劳动生产率共同提高。有学者利用相应非线性回归方法对1850~2001年德国经济周期进行分析,发现三次产业由于各自生产率的差异性,使资源(特别是劳动力)不断从低效率产业向高效率产业转移(Dietrich and Kruger,2010)。展开更多
Based on eddy covariance measurements over two kinds of land surfaces(a degraded grassland and a maize cropland)in a semiarid area of China in 2005 and 2008,the effects of different gap filling methods,energy balance ...Based on eddy covariance measurements over two kinds of land surfaces(a degraded grassland and a maize cropland)in a semiarid area of China in 2005 and 2008,the effects of different gap filling methods,energy balance closure and friction velocity threshold(u*)on annual net ecosystem exchange(NEE)were analyzed.Six gap filling methods,including mean diurnal variation(MDV),marginal distribution sampling(MDS),and nonlinear regressions method,were investigated by generating secondary datasets with four different artificial gap lengths(ranging in length from single half-hours to 12 consecutive days).The MDS generally showed a good overall performance especially for long gaps,with an annual sum bias error less than 5 g C m-2 yr-1.There was a large positive annual sum bias error for nonlinear regressions,indicating an overestimate on net ecosystem respiration.The offset in the annual sum NEE for four nonlinear regressions was from 8.0 to 30.8 g C m-2 yr-1.As soil water content was a limiting factor in the semiarid area,the nonlinear regressions considering both soil temperature and soil water content as controlling variables had a better performance than others.The performance of MDV was better in daytime than in nighttime,with an annual sum bias error falling between-2.6 and-13.4 g C m-2 yr-1.Overall,the accuracy of the gap filling method was dependent on the type of the land surface,gap length,and the time of day when the data gap occurred.The energy balance ratio for the two ecosystems was nearly 80%.Turbulent intensity had a large impact on energy balance ratio.Low energy balance ratio was observed under low friction velocity during the night.When there was a large fetch distance in a wind direction,a low energy balance ratio was caused by mismatch of the footprints between the available energy and turbulent fluxes.The effect of energy balance correction on CO2 flux was evaluated by assuming the imbalance caused by the underestimation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux.The results showed an average increase of 10 g C m-2 yr-1 for annual NEE in both ecosystems with an energy balance correction.On the other hand,the u*threshold also have a large impact on annual sum NEE.Net carbon emission increased 37.5 g C m-2 yr-1 as u*threshold increased from 0.1 to 0.2 m s-1,indicating a large impact of imposing u*threshold on net ecosystem carbon exchange.展开更多
Single-index varying-coefficient models (SIVCMs) are very useful in multivariate nonparametric regression.However,there has less attention focused on inferences of the SIVCMs.Using the local linear method,we propose e...Single-index varying-coefficient models (SIVCMs) are very useful in multivariate nonparametric regression.However,there has less attention focused on inferences of the SIVCMs.Using the local linear method,we propose estimates of the unknowns in the SIVCMs.In this article,our main purpose is to examine whether the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) tests are applicable to the testing problem for the index parameter in the SIVCMs.Under the null hypothesis our proposed GLR statistic follows the chi-squared distribution asymptotically with scale constant and degree of freedom independent of the nuisance parameters or functions,which is called as Wilks' phenomenon (see Fan et al.,2001).A simulation study is conducted to illustrate the proposed methodology.展开更多
文摘产业结构高度化是这样一个过程:原有要素和资源从劳动生产率较低的产业部门向劳动生产率较高的产业部门转移,新增的要素和资源也被配置到劳动生产率较高的产业部门,以此使得劳动生产率较高的产业部门的份额不断上升,不同产业部门的劳动生产率共同提高。有学者利用相应非线性回归方法对1850~2001年德国经济周期进行分析,发现三次产业由于各自生产率的差异性,使资源(特别是劳动力)不断从低效率产业向高效率产业转移(Dietrich and Kruger,2010)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41275023,41021004))Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA05110102)
文摘Based on eddy covariance measurements over two kinds of land surfaces(a degraded grassland and a maize cropland)in a semiarid area of China in 2005 and 2008,the effects of different gap filling methods,energy balance closure and friction velocity threshold(u*)on annual net ecosystem exchange(NEE)were analyzed.Six gap filling methods,including mean diurnal variation(MDV),marginal distribution sampling(MDS),and nonlinear regressions method,were investigated by generating secondary datasets with four different artificial gap lengths(ranging in length from single half-hours to 12 consecutive days).The MDS generally showed a good overall performance especially for long gaps,with an annual sum bias error less than 5 g C m-2 yr-1.There was a large positive annual sum bias error for nonlinear regressions,indicating an overestimate on net ecosystem respiration.The offset in the annual sum NEE for four nonlinear regressions was from 8.0 to 30.8 g C m-2 yr-1.As soil water content was a limiting factor in the semiarid area,the nonlinear regressions considering both soil temperature and soil water content as controlling variables had a better performance than others.The performance of MDV was better in daytime than in nighttime,with an annual sum bias error falling between-2.6 and-13.4 g C m-2 yr-1.Overall,the accuracy of the gap filling method was dependent on the type of the land surface,gap length,and the time of day when the data gap occurred.The energy balance ratio for the two ecosystems was nearly 80%.Turbulent intensity had a large impact on energy balance ratio.Low energy balance ratio was observed under low friction velocity during the night.When there was a large fetch distance in a wind direction,a low energy balance ratio was caused by mismatch of the footprints between the available energy and turbulent fluxes.The effect of energy balance correction on CO2 flux was evaluated by assuming the imbalance caused by the underestimation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux.The results showed an average increase of 10 g C m-2 yr-1 for annual NEE in both ecosystems with an energy balance correction.On the other hand,the u*threshold also have a large impact on annual sum NEE.Net carbon emission increased 37.5 g C m-2 yr-1 as u*threshold increased from 0.1 to 0.2 m s-1,indicating a large impact of imposing u*threshold on net ecosystem carbon exchange.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10871072,11101114 and 11171112)PhD Program Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No.20090076110001)
文摘Single-index varying-coefficient models (SIVCMs) are very useful in multivariate nonparametric regression.However,there has less attention focused on inferences of the SIVCMs.Using the local linear method,we propose estimates of the unknowns in the SIVCMs.In this article,our main purpose is to examine whether the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) tests are applicable to the testing problem for the index parameter in the SIVCMs.Under the null hypothesis our proposed GLR statistic follows the chi-squared distribution asymptotically with scale constant and degree of freedom independent of the nuisance parameters or functions,which is called as Wilks' phenomenon (see Fan et al.,2001).A simulation study is conducted to illustrate the proposed methodology.
