基于RGB-D深度图像的船体板架非结构面模型重建方法

[目的]为准确、快速地重建船体板架非结构面三维形状,便于船体结构变形的高精度高效率测量,设计一种基于RGB-D深度图像的模型重建方法。[方法]首先通过随机抽样一致性算法与最小二乘法相结合的方式剔除点云集中的异常数据,再利用RGB彩色图像棋盘格标靶位置信息对结构多视角点云进行配准;其次将结构物面进行区域网格划分并对点云进行聚类,运用最小二乘法原理对每个网格点云子集进行空间曲面拟合,实现点云融合,在此基础上采用高阶面元实现船体结构外板表面的三维重建;最后,通过试件重构模型与激光扫描点云进行对比,验证模型重建方法的精确性。[结果]结果显示,试件三维重构模型较激光扫描点云随机点的均方根误差为1.02 mm,建模精度满足船舶建造工程需求,同时结构RGB-D深度图像数据获取时间相比于激光扫描可忽略不计。[结论]研究表明,提出的模型重建方法能够准确高效地完成船体板架非结构面三维重构,为船体结构变形测量提供了有力的数据支撑。

常法向应力下非连续结构面剪切破坏特征研究

为揭示不同倾角硬岩非连续结构面剪切破裂机制,开展了常法向应力下8种不同节理角度的非连续结构面剪切试验及同步声发射监测,并基于声发射信号主频实现了破坏过程中破裂程度的定量分析,结合剪切破坏强度、剪切破坏结构和破裂程度演化过程,研究了硬岩非连续结构面剪切破坏特征。结果表明:非连续结构面破坏阶段Ⅰ的荷载峰值SR1整体变化趋势呈现水平横置S型,阶段Ⅱ的峰值荷载SR2呈现节理角度对称分布,当节理角度为正向小角度时,SR1>SR2,而负向角度和正向大角度时,均为SR2>SR1;其破坏结构可以分为平面破坏结构、锯齿型破坏结构和块体破坏结构3种,3种破坏结构实际由4种裂纹扩展方式决定;节理角度对非连续结构面剪切过程中大尺度破坏的出现具有控制作用,在节理角度较大下非连续结构面在破坏阶段Ⅰ和破坏阶段Ⅱ均发生较大尺度的破坏,而节理角度较小时非连续结构面仅在破坏阶段Ⅰ发生大尺度破坏;非连续结构面的破坏过程可以划分为4类,随着节理角度的增加,破坏过程由单峰−突发型发展为双峰平稳−平稳型,进而为双峰突发−平稳型,最终为双峰突发−突发型。

岩体非贯通结构面的岩桥贯通准则研究

传统的块体理论分析方法未考虑到非贯通结构面在施工扰动作用下可能出现连通的问题,导致搜索出的关键块体不够精准和全面。如何判断非贯通结构面是否应该连通成为了块体理论研究的一个重要课题。采用数值模拟方法计算岩体试样的贯通强度与峰值强度,并引入贯通系数变量描述贯通强度与峰值强度的比值变化。将贯通强度作为判断岩桥贯通与否的衡量指标,定量分析贯通强度与岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压、连通率和结构面倾角之间的函数关系,即含两条非贯通结构面岩体的岩桥贯通准则。该准则可以准确判断含两条非贯通结构面岩体的岩桥是否应该连通。基于岩桥贯通准则的块体理论能够准确搜索出因岩体内部结构面扩展贯通而滑移的关键块体,使得搜索出的关键块体更加全面,更好的分析工程的稳定性。

非贯通锯齿状结构面剪切破裂演化机制试验研究

岩体是由岩石和结构面两部分组成,结构面对岩体的变形和破坏常常起决定性作用。在工程中,所遇到的岩体多为非贯通结构面岩体,研究非贯通结构面岩体的破坏模式和强度准则具有非常深远的意义。利用人工浇铸的非贯通锯齿状结构面试样,基于控制变量法,通过直剪试验,研究在不同轴向压力下不同结构面倾角的非贯通锯齿状结构面的变形破坏特征及抗剪强度变化规律。结果表明:随着预设结构面倾角及法向压应力的增大,非贯通锯齿状结构面的破坏机制会逐渐由拉剪-剪胀破坏、拉剪-剪胀剪断破坏向剪切破坏转变,且其抗剪强度也会增大,并据此修正了抗剪强度经验公式。

含非贯通结构面岩体强度损伤规律研究

文章基于前期对含共面结构面岩体强度损伤研究的基础上,进一步分析含非贯通结构面岩体强度损伤的规律。采用数值模拟的方法计算不同方案情况下61个试样的峰值强度,分析岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压、连通率和结构面倾角对损伤系数的影响,给出它们之间的函数关系,推导计算含非贯通结构面岩体的强度损伤经验公式。利用该公式能够准确的判断岩体强度的损伤程度,更好的评价岩体工程的稳定性。

隐伏非贯通结构面剪切蠕变特性及本构模型研究

结构面控制岩质边坡失稳的边界,自然界中大量结构面是非完全贯通的,且隐藏在斜坡内部,非贯通结构面研究对于揭示斜坡启动破坏机理及稳定性具有重要意义。隐伏非贯通结构面的岩块取样困难且不能大量复制,通过室内制作一种隐伏非贯通结构面模型,在单轴压缩试验和剪切试验的基础上,采用YZJL-300型岩石剪切流变仪,对隐伏非贯通结构面岩体进行剪切蠕变试验,并对蠕变特性进行研究。根据蠕变试验的阶段特征,引入一个适用于结构面的非线性黏性加速元件和材料损伤变量,建立一种非贯通结构面的剪切蠕变损伤本构模型,并根据拉普拉斯变化推导三维剪切蠕变本构方程。利用L-M算法和全局优化法对所得的蠕变试验曲线进行辨识,求解模型参数。经过辨识并对比试验结果和模型拟合结果,新建立的本构模型能较好地反映非贯通结构面蠕变特性,对揭示岩质斜坡的长期稳定性和时效演化有借鉴意义。

含非贯通软弱结构面岩质边坡渐进破坏过程数值模拟

含非贯通软弱结构面岩质边坡的变形破坏过程涉及到岩体从连续转变为非连续状态的过程,是岩石边坡工程的研究重点和难点之一。采用数值流形方法研究了岩质边坡的变形破坏过程。数值流形方法模拟裂隙扩展的优势在于其数学覆盖和物理覆盖两套网格系统,不连续面切割数学覆盖后生成相互分离的物理覆盖,数值流形方法则通过物理覆盖来形成不连续面两侧相互独立的流形单元。通过在裂纹尖端引入粘结裂纹扩展模型以及岩体起裂和扩展判断准则,发展了可模拟岩体裂隙扩展的数值流形方法。最后,采用该方法模拟了西南地区某水电站高边坡的渐进破坏过程,从裂隙扩展角度研究了岩体稳定性的影响,并提出了相应的工程处理措施。

不同连通率下非贯通硬性结构面抗剪强度参数变化规律研究

岩质边坡边界多由结构面控制,天然结构面一般是非贯通的,研究非贯通结构面力学参数和取值具有重要意义。采用水泥砂浆制作非贯通结构面试样进行剪切试验,研究c、φ值与连通率k值的敏感性程度,建立c、φ值与k的相关性模型,通过试验数据对预测模型进行验证。结果表明:c值对k值的敏感性程度相对较高,c、φ值均与k值呈一种负相关的指数关系,该预测模型能较好描述抗剪强度参数与连通率之间的关系,模型吻合率达0.95。研究成果能更好地为岩土工程参数取值提供一定参考。

滑流对飞机纵向静稳定性影响的数值模拟

针对某"机身+机翼+襟翼+短舱+螺旋桨+平尾"简化构型,开展低速大拉力系数工况下强螺旋桨滑流的数值模拟。模型为翼吊双发布局,动力计算时分为三个计算域,分别为两个包含螺旋桨的旋转域和一个静止域。采用商业软件ICEM CFD生成多块面搭接非结构网格,在机体表面和滑流区域对网格进行加密以便于捕捉螺旋桨滑流的发展及其与机翼、尾翼等部件之间的干扰。采用ANSYS CFX软件求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,使用多参考坐标系(MFR)方法模拟螺旋桨的旋转。基本构型有/无动力的计算结果表明螺旋桨动力及其产生的滑流对模型的纵向静稳定性影响较大,模型的纵向静稳定性在迎角较小时下降明显甚至丧失,在迎角较大时反而略有增加。一般而言,涡桨飞机平尾处的流场受气动布局、迎角、机翼及襟翼的下洗和螺旋桨滑流及其强度等因素的共同影响。对模型各部件的俯仰力矩特性及尾翼区流场细节进行详细分析可知,小迎角时飞机纵向静稳定性的下降是由于平尾受到机翼及襟翼较强的下洗作用而导致效率下降,而此时平尾没能进入滑流区,不能有效利用滑流区内高能气流来提高平尾效率。并且由于两个螺旋桨同为逆时针旋转,右侧平尾的贡献高于左侧平尾。为了验证这一结论,分别将螺旋桨向上平移0.7m和将平尾下移0.86m并进行数值模拟,结果表明平尾对模型纵向静稳定性的贡献均有增加。

岩质块体渐进破坏的稳定分析方法

岩桥的破裂贯通是一种非连续变形现象。强度折减技术虽然是渐进破坏过程模拟的主流技术,但其不具备描述非连续变形现象的能力。提出连通率折减法和刚度折减法来模拟含非贯通结构面岩块的渐进破坏过程,并建立考虑渐进破坏过程的块体稳定分析方法。首先,引入Goodman单元来描述共面非贯通结构面的岩桥部分和裂隙面部分,建立静力平衡方程来求解滑裂面内岩桥单元和裂隙面单元的应力。其次,岩桥单元采用Griffith准则来判别破坏,利用连通率折减法来描述其破裂;裂隙面单元采用MC准则来判别破坏,用刚度折减法来描述其屈服;通过循环迭代,模拟岩桥单元的破裂过程和裂隙面单元的应力调整过程,实现整个滑裂面的渐进破坏过程模拟。然后,定义考虑渐进破坏过程的滑裂面极限状态;通过自重超载方式将滑裂面推送至极限状态;基于极限状态设计的理论框架,计算度量块体稳定性的安全系数指标。工程实例分析结果表明,渐进破坏过程模拟结果与现场调查结果是一致的。渐进破坏过程的模拟实现,有助于岩质边坡变形破坏机制分析从定性分析阶段扩展至定量分析阶段。

裂隙岩体边坡开挖渠道脉动灌浆预加固措施论证

在裂隙岩体边坡上开挖修建大型引水渠道,如不采取预加固措施直接开挖,遭遇降雨时极易造成滑坡。脉动灌浆工艺可实现控制灌浆,有效解决常规灌浆无效灌注、加固效果不佳等突出问题,可作为裂隙岩体边坡的预加固措施。以涔天河水库干渠典型渠段边坡为例,分析裂隙岩体边坡开挖诱发滑坡倾倒的破坏机理;考虑结构面张开度、分布及力学参数的不均匀性和不确定性,浆液黏度时变特性等因素,构建三维非均质正交结构面网络模型。基于TOUGH2质量守恒方程及FLAC 3D强度折减法,模拟裂隙岩体的脉动灌浆,并根据浆液填充率插值换算得到抗剪强度参数的变化,分析灌浆预加固对边坡稳定性的影响,得到经优化的预加固设计方案。结果表明:采用2排孔、排距1.5 m、孔深8.5 m的预加固设计方案,边坡安全系数可达1.83以上,故该方案不仅可行,而且相对经济。所用研究方法可用于设计方案优化,并能获得较合理的设计参数,研究成果可供类似工程参考。

A Novel Non-Planar Cell Structure for Flash Memory

Proposed herein is a novel non planar cell structure for flash memory which has been fabricated to achieve high programming speed with low operating voltage.This memory cell preserves a simple stacked gate structure which only requires an additional masking step to form the novel structure in the channel.For the cell of the 1 2μm gate length,the programming speed of 43μs under the measuring condition of V g=15V, V d=5V,and the erasing time of 24ms under V g=-5V, V s=8V are obtained.The programming speed is faster than that of the conventional planar cell structure.This superior programming speed makes it suitable for high speed application.

Novel high magnification zoom laser beam expander

A novel high magnification zoom laser beam expander is proposed originally. The zoom part and fixed part of the beam expander both adopt spherical lens and the compensation part comprising a spherical surface and an aspherical surface. The structure parameters were given by using geometry optics.The zoom characteristic and image quality were also analyzed.The results show that the magnification of the beam expander can be adjusted continuously from 3 to 20. Compared with other congener spherical zoom system,the beam expander has the advantages of high magnification,compact structure,high beam quality and high transmission efficiency.The novel expander can be used in many fields effectively.

Theoretical Investigation of Uniform and Non-uniform Penetrable Sphere Fluid

A bridge function approximation is proposed for a single-component fluid consisting of penetrable sphere interacting via a potential that remains finite and constant for center-center distance smaller than the particle diameter and is zero otherwise. The radial distribution function from the Ornstein-Zernike integral equation combined with the present bridge function approximation is in satisfactory agreement with the corresponding simulation data for all of the investigated state points. The presently calculated excess Helmholtz free energy respectively based on virial route and compressibility route is highly self-consistent, and is in very good agreement with simulational results for the case of low temperatures. The present bridge function approximation, combined with the bridge density functional approximation, can reproduce very accurately density profiles of the penetrable sphere fluid confined in a hard spherical cavity for all the cases where simulational results are available.

Research on highly nonlinear photonic bandgap fibers

A new type of highly nonlinear photonic bandgap fiber with modified honeycomb lattice is brought forward. Based on full-vector plane-wave method, the structure of bandgaps and the distributions of fundamental mode field are analyzed. Then its nonlinear coefficient is calculated, and the effect of each structural pa- rameter on the nonlinear coefficient is discussed. At last, considering many factors synthetically, we make some optimization design of the structural parameters. It can be concluded that this new type of photonic bandgap fiber can gain the nonlinear coefficient of 30 W^-1 km^-1.

Gully Erosion Study and Control： A Case Study of Queen Ede Gully in Benin City

This paper presents findings from studies carried out on the Queen Ede gully erosion site in Benin City, in the south-southern zone of Nigeria. The studies involved detailed topographical, geotechnical, meteorological and hydrological data acquisition. The data were processed and analyzed to determine catchment size, gully morphology, soil characteristics, rainfall pattern and hydrological pattern. These were then interpreted and used to determine the method of control to be adopted. The adopted control measures is a combination of structural and non-structural methods. The structural method involved the use of gully control structures to divert the runoff entering the gully from the head, while the non-structural method involved the use of boulders and vegetation to stabilize the gully walls around the head region.

Nonlinear dynamic buckling of stiffened plates under in-plane impact load

This paper presents a simple solution of the dynamic buckling of stiffened plates under in-plane impact loading. Based on large deflection theory, a discretely stiffened plate model has been used. The tangential stresses of stiffeners and in-plane displacement are neglected. Appling the Hamilton's principle, the motion equations of stiffened plates are obtained. The deflection of the plate is taken as Fourier series, and using Galerkin method the discrete equations can be deduced, which can be solved easily by Runge-Kutta method. The dynamic buckling loads of the stiffened plates are obtained form Budiansky-Roth criterion.

George Orwell＇s Non-linear Narrative in The Road To Wigan Pier

Orwell＇s text The Road to Wigan Pier, henceforth referred to as RWP, is problematic due to the ambiguity of its status as a literary genre. The text is subversive on many levels, namely on the level of form. In order to show some aspects of the author＇s challenge of the conventional norms and methods of literary writing, a comparison between the writer＇s original diary of the journey to the industrial North of England, the main site of the coal mines, and the present book could be of great import. This reveals the author＇s genuine intellectual ability to manipulate and rearrange the events and scenes of the story on the discourse level. The author＇s manipulation and rearrangement of the story （the journey）, events and scenes, clearly reveals his potential literary creativity and imagination. Orwell has deployed many strategies to fulfil this purpose. Each strategy is actually a contribution to the author＇s overall argument and at the same time it constitutes a further aspect of subversion. The first aspect of subversion lies on the level of form itself. The form of the book is effectively very challenging. Contrary to the conventional view of the fictional novel, the study of Orwell＇s text based on Grrard Genette＇s model reveals his challenge of the basic novelistic parameters. The novelistic ingredients such as setting, characterisation, and plot development have been treated in a subverting way. Though not totally discarded, they have been manipulated for the purpose of the author＇s general argument, which is Socialism. For instance, characters in the novel are treated as types, that is, representatives of their class. Besides, the order of scenes and events has been rearranged for the purpose of foregrounding representative scenes like the description of the Brookers＇ lodging-house. The author＇s treatment of the material of the text is primarily based on his personal experience as an outside observer during his journey to the North. Therefore, the exploration of the novel from a structuralist perspective based on Genette＇s model does not merely aim at the pure application of some literary and critical approaches to Orwell＇s text. This may be misleading since the investigation may fall in superficiality and simplicity. But the strategy deployed is actually a further contribution to the author＇s general argument and a manifestation of the novel＇s status as a creative and subversive text.

Formation of non-equilibrium phases and associated structural transition in the Pd-Ta system induced by ion beam mixing

For the Pd-Ta system characterized by a negative heat of formation of -78 kJ/mol, 200 keV xenon ion beam mixing with nano-sized Pd-Ta multilayered films was conducted to study the non-equilibrium phase formation. The results showed that uniform amorphous alloys can be formed within a composition range of 25 at%-78 at% Ta, which falls in the maximum possible amorphization range of 22 at%-80 at% Ta predicted by the empirical model. Moreover, two metastable crystalline phases both of FCC structure, yet with different lattice constants were obtained. Interestingly, a self-assembled fractal pattern was observed in the Pd52Ta48 multilayered films after irradiation to a dose of 1×1015 Xe+/cm2 and its dimension was determined to be 1.75±0.05. The possible mechanisms for the formation of amorphous and metastable crystalline phases as well as for the growth of the fractal pattern were discussed.