论著作权转换性使用之非转换性

转换性使用是美国著作权开放式合理使用模式中的主导性标准,也是我国专家学者衡量新型使用争议的重要理论依据。但转换性使用在内容和目的上均存在解释困境。对于"不同目的"和"新的表达、含义或信息"的界定缺乏客观衡量标准。美国转换性使用的普遍适用是后续法院遵循其最高法院判例的需求所致。转换性使用更多的是法院判决结果合理化的说理帽子,而不是影响判决结果的分析工具。我国不应过于注重对转换性概念本身的界定,应直接衡量使用背后所带来的公共利益、交易障碍及对原著作权人创作激励的市场影响,以达到社会科学文化的最大化发展。

A Novel Sampling Switch Suitable for Low-Voltage Analog-to-Digital Converters

A novel, highly linear sampling switch suitable for low-voltage operation is proposed. This switch not only eliminates the nonlinearity introduced by gate-source voltage variation, but also reduces the nonlinearity resuiting from threshold voltage variation, which has not been accomplished in earlier low-voltage sampling switches. This is achieved by adopting a replica transistor with the same threshold voltage as the sampling transistor. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by a prototype design of a sampling switch in 0. 35μm. The proposed sampling switch achieves a spurious free dynamic range of 111dB for a 0. 2MHz, 1.2Vp-p input signal, sampled at a rate of 2MS/s,about 18dB over the Bootstrapped switch. Also, the on-resistance variation is reduced by 90%. This method is especially useful for low-voltage, high resolution ADCs, which is a hot topic today.

N-Soliton Solutions of General Nonlinear Schrdinger Equation with Derivative

The bilinear equation of the genera/nonlinear Schrodinger equation with derivative （GDNLSE） and the N-soliton solutions are obtained through the dependent variable transformation and the Hirota method, respectively. The bilinear equation of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with derivative （DNLSE） and its multisoliton solutions are given by reduction.

Nonsmooth Control-Lyapunov Function and Stabilization of Nonlinear Switching Systems

In this paper we consider general nonlinear switching systems. Under an additional assumption, we prove that there exists a state space depending switching rule which stabilizes the system in a very general sense.

Properties of Controllable Soliton Switching in Optical Lattices with Longitudinal Exponential-Asymptotic Modulation

The properties of controllable soliton switching in Kerr-type optical lattices with different modulation are investigated theoretically and simulated numerically.The results show that the optical lattices can be available for all- optical soliton switching through utilization for length-scale competition effects.And through longitudinal exponential- asymptotic modulation for the linear refractive index,the properties of soliton switching in the optical lattices can be improved.The number of output channels of soliton switching can be controlled by the parameters such as incident angle,asymptotic rate of longitudinal modulation,guiding parameter and form factor.

Study on switched reluctance generator

The linear and non-linear math models of the switched reluctance generator (SRG) in generator mode were established in this work. The phase current and energy conversion process during generator operation were simulated by the linear math model. The non-linear math model was used to analyze the characteristics of the SRG operation in self-excitation mode and in separately-excitation mode. Some important findings on how the SRG is operated and controlled were obtained in this study, which provides theoretical basis for further design and experimental study.

Quantum Computation with Nonlinear Optics

We propose a scheme of quantum computation with nonlinear quantum optics. Polarization states of photons are used for qubits. Photons with different frequencies represent different qubits. Single qubit rotation operation is implemented through optical elements like the Faraday polarization rotator. Photons are separated into different optical paths, or merged into a single optical path using dichromatic mirrors. The controlled-NOT gate between two qubits is implemented by the proper combination of parametric up and down conversions. This scheme has the following features： （1） No auxiliary qubits are required in the controlled-NOT gate operation; （2） No measurement is required in the course of the computation; （3） It is resource efficient and conceptually simple.

Irrationality in Scientific Development？

The paper discusses several wide-spread misunderstandings of Kuhn＇s theory of scientific development, most prominently the ascription that he conceives of scientific development as irrational. The core of this ascription is an assessment of incommensurability as implying the lack of any rational possibility of theory comparison. This is supposed to be due to Gestalt switches and a quasi-religious element of conversion in theory change. Accordingly, scientific revolutions cannot be a serious matter for philosophical analysis; they furthermore foreclose any scientific progress. It is shown that such images of Kuhn＇s theory rest on deep misunderstandings that are partly due to Kuhn＇s writing style.

Extended Mapping Transformation Method and Its Applications to Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation（s）

In this paper, we extend the mapping transformation method through introducing variable coefficients.By means of the extended mapping transformation method, many explicit and exact general solutions with arbitrary functions for some nonlinear partial differential equations, which contain solitary wave solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and rational solutions, are obtained.

Role of Symmetry in an Asymmetric System

The aim of the study is to present features of a complex system and rind the relations making the symmetry gain its sense in asymmetric wold. The study prepared in the form of a mental experiment shows that a system can exist in two states and two orientations and the mechanisms described in the study transform the system. The mechanisms causing the transformations are also presented as well as the role of symmetry which leads to the system＇s asymmetry.

10-Bit Single-Slope ADC with Error Calibration for TDI CMOS Image Sensor

A 10-bit single-slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for time-delay-integration CMOS image sensor was proposed. A programmable ramp generator was applied to accomplish the error calibration and improve the linearity. The ADC was fabricated in a 180 nm 1P4M CMOS process. Experimental results indicate that the differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity were 0.51/-0.53 LSB and 0.63/-0.71 LSB, respectively. The sampling rate of the ADC was 32 kHz.

被动句认知解读一二

“致使因素→变化→状态”序列 ,是以事件认知模型为基础的普遍致使结构 ,然而在图式化为若干英汉被动句式时 ,会产生本质不同的变异。为此 ,本文从对比的角度分析了英汉被动句的局部不可对译性、宏观被动性、主语的间接受事性、以及汉语特殊“被”

High-Consistency Behavior Modeling of a Switched-Capacitor Sigma-Delta Modulator in SIMULINK

To improve the simulation accuracy of SIMULINK, a novel inclusive behavior model of an integrator is proposed that introduces the effects of different circuit nonidealities of a switched-capacitor sigma-delta modulator into SIMULIK simulation. The nonlinear DC gain and nonlinear settling process are introduced into the op-amp module. The signaldependent charge injection and nonlinear resistance are introduced into the switch module. In addition, the noise source including flicker and thermal noise is introduced into system as an independent module. The novel model is verified by SIMULINK behavioral simulations. The results are compared with results from circuit level simulation in Cadence SPICE using TSMC 0.35μm mixed signal technology. It shows that the novel model succeeds in introducing the influences of the nonidealities into behavior simulation to more realistically describe the circuit performances and increase the accuracy of SIMULINK simulation.

The seamless model for three-dimensional datum transformation

With extensive applications of space geodesy, three-dimensional datum transformation model has been necessarily used to transform the coordinates in the different coordinate systems.Its essence is to predict the coordinates of non-common points in the second coordinate system based on their coordinates in the first coordinate system and the coordinates of common points in two coordinate systems.Traditionally, the computation of seven transformation parameters and the transformation of noncommon points are individually implemented, in which the errors of coordinates are taken into account only in the second system although the coordinates in both two systems are inevitably contaminated by the random errors.Moreover, the coordinate errors of non-common points are disregarded when they are transformed using the solved transformation parameters.Here we propose the seamless (rigorous) datum transformation model to compute the transformation parameters and transform the non-common points integratively, considering the errors of all coordinates in both coordinate systems.As a result, a nonlinear coordinate transformation model is formulated.Based on the Gauss-Newton algorithm and the numerical characteristics of transformation parameters, two linear versions of the established nonlinear model are individually derived.Then the least-squares collocation (prediction) method is employed to trivially solve these linear models.Finally, the simulation experiment is carried out to demonstrate the performance and benefits of the presented method.The results show that the presented method can significantly improve the precision of the coordinate transformation, especially when the non-common points are strongly correlated with the common points used to compute the transformation parameters.

Experimentally testing Bell's theorem based on Hardy's nonlocal ladder proofs

Bell＇s theorem argues the existence of quantum nonlocality which goes basically against the hidden variable theory （HVT）. Many experiments have been done via testing the violations of Bell＇s inequalities to statistically verify the Bell＇s theorem. Alternatively, by testing the Hardy＇s ladder proofs we experimentally demonstrate the deterministic violation of HVT and thus confirm the quantum nonlocality. Our tests are implemented with non-maximal entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversions （SPDCs）. We show that the degree freedom of photon entanglement could be significantly enhanced by using interference filters. As a consequence, the Hardy＇s ladder proofs could be tested and Bell＇s theorem is verified robustly. The probability of violating the locality reach to 41.9%, which is close to the expectably ideal value 46.4% for the photon pairs with degree of entanglement e = 0.93. The higher violating probability is possible by further optimizing the experimental parameters.

Up/down conversion luminescence rare-earth ion-doped Y_2O_3 1D nanocrystals

Multicolor luminescent rare-earth ion-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals （NCs） were prepared by a solvethermal method. The as-synthesized NCs yielded nanosheets, nanowires （NWs） and nanorods （NRs） with the increase of alkali （NaOH） in oleic acid system. Moreover, Y203 nanowires with controllable size have also been obtained. After sintering, the PL intensity of Y2O3：Ln3＋ nanocrystals increased with the changed morphology of the precursor, that is, Y（OH）3 nanocrystals. Both downconversion （red emission for Y2O3：Eu3＋ and green emission for Y2O3：Tb3＋） and upconversion （red emission for Y2O3：Yb/Er3＋） luminescence of the as-prepared nanocrystals have been demonstrated in this work. We also found that the PL intensity of Y2O3：Ln3＋ NCs dispersed in polar solvent was stronger than that in nonpolar solvent. Their up/downconversion fluorescence and controllable morphology might promise further fundamental research and biochemistry such as nanoscale optoelectronics, nanolasers, and ultrasensitive multicolor biolables.

Tracking with nonlinear measurement model by coordinate rotation transformation

A new filtering method is proposed to accurately estimate target state via decreasing the nonlinearity between radar polar measurements(or spherical measurements in three-dimensional(3D) radar) and target position in Cartesian coordinate. The degree of linearity is quantified here by utilizing correlation coefficient and Taylor series expansion. With the proposed method, the original measurements are converted from polar or spherical coordinate to a carefully chosen Cartesian coordinate system that is obtained by coordinate rotation transformation to maximize the linearity degree of the conversion function from polar/spherical to Cartesian coordinate. Then the target state is filtered along each axis of the chosen Cartesian coordinate. This method is compared with extended Kalman filter(EKF), Converted Measurement Kalman filter(CMKF), unscented Kalman filter(UKF) as well as Decoupled Converted Measurement Kalman filter(DECMKF). This new method provides highly accurate position and velocity with consistent estimation.

Wavelength conversion based on nonlinear polarization rotation in gain transparent SOA

We describe an all-optical wavelength conversion scheme for 1310 nm to 1550 nm based on nonlinear polarization rotation in a gain-transparent semiconductor optical amplifier （GT-SOA） which brings in the assistant light to improve the property of the converted light. From the SOA carder density equations, the 1310 nm-to-1550 nm wavelength conversion scheme is analyzed by the Jones matrix. The phase shift between TE and TM modes and the converted light are simulated at bit rate of 30 Gbit/s. We also analyze the influence of the input signal power, the injected current and the assistant light power on the extinction ratio of the converted li~,ht.

Controlling Soliton Collisions of Condensates by Time-Dependence of Both Interactions and External Potential

Considering time-dependence of both interactions and external potential,we analytically study the collisional behaviors of two bright solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates by using Darboux transformation.It is found that for a closed external potential,the soliton-soliton distance is decreased with nonlinearly increased interactions,while the amplitude of each soliton increases and its width decreases.For linearly increased interactions but nonlinearly decreased external potential,especially,the atom transfer between two solitons is observed,different from previous theory of no atom transfer in solitons collision in a fixed external potential.In addition,it is shown that the collisional type,such as head-on,"chase",or collision period between two solitons,can be controlled by tuning both interactions and external potential.The predicted phenomena can be observed under the condition of the current experiments and open possibilities for future application in atoms transport.