非饱和混凝土氯离子传输细观研究

为研究非饱水状态混凝土中氯离子的侵蚀问题,根据混凝土在干湿循环过程中的水分迁移特点,考虑混凝土中氯离子传输的影响因素,推导出非饱水状态下水分-氯离子传输的对流-扩散耦合方程.融合氯离子侵蚀数值模型与细观随机混凝土模型,总结得到了非饱水混凝土中氯离子传输的一般规律.研究结果表明:受骨料的影响,物质传输路径和含量梯度方向变得复杂;混凝土骨料对氯离子含量有较大的影响,且氯离子含量分布存在聚聚效应;不同于混凝土表层,由于对流和扩散的共同作用,靠近内部区域的氯离子含量在湿润过程中上升,在干燥过程中下降,湿润过程中骨料周围的氯离子含量聚聚效应更加显著.文中成果可为研究非饱水状态混凝土中氯离子的传输机理提供参考.

干湿循环作用下氯离子在混凝土中的侵蚀过程分析

干湿循环和氯盐浸泡对比试验表明,在干湿循环作用下,氯离子在混凝土中的传输速度远大于饱水混凝土内外氯离子浓差引起的离子扩散速度,氯离子在上部非饱水混凝土中和在饱水混凝土中的传输机理不同。对上部非饱水混凝土中氯离子的渗透行为进行了机理分析,并建立了干湿循环作用下氯离子传输速度模型,可为准确地预测实际工况混凝土结构的使用寿命提供参考。

古代砖砌体风化性能分析及风化程度评定

自然界中气温、降水的长期作用导致古代砖砌体风化,风化损伤材料和砌体力学性能。实验采用大气环境实验舱实现自然风化作用人工模拟,根据不同饱水度和冻融次数,实验舱设定了7种非饱水冻融工况,对7种工况影响下的砖、灰浆、砌体抗压、砌体抗剪试件试件强度变化规律进行实验分析。实验表明,饱水度是反映材料冻融性能的重要指标;不同饱水度下的冻融试件强度呈现先升后降的趋势;试件在饱水度为53%的冻融作用下,砌体构件具有最佳抗力;提出古代砖砌体构件风化程度评定标准。实验对古砖砌体结构保护工作具有指导和应用价值,定期评定古塔砌体风化程度,时刻掌握古塔构件结构安全性能的变化规律,科学保护古塔。

Water content and modulus relationship of a compacted unsaturated soil

In order to assess the performance of the embankment soil under various climate conditions during the period of service, the modulus behaviour of an unsaturated compacted soil is evaluated using the constant water content triaxial test. Since the water content measurement method is simple and economical and it is used widely in engineering, the soil suction is replaced by the water content and the relationship between the water content and the modulus is developed. The compacted samples are prepared with different compacted water contents, and samples with a similar water content subjected to drying or wetting procedures prior to the triaxial test are also investigated. The effect of the water content and the confining pressure on the modulus is analyzed. The results show that the modulus decreases with the increase in the water content and a power function can be proposed to quantitatively describe the relationship between the modulus and the water content in the range of the measured water content. The modulus increases with the increase in the confining pressure of the compacted soil. However, the effect of the water content on the modulus is more pronounced than that of the confining pressure. This research can be referenced for the compacted embankment soil assessment in-service period.

庐枞丘陵区某铁矿包气带污染预测评价

以铁矿为代表的金属矿山在选矿与生产过程中会形成含有多种重金属的污废水,一经泄漏,首先对包气带形成污染;而庐枞丘陵地区第四系松散层较薄,包气带防污能力较弱;因此,以包气带污染预测为基础,开展包气带防污能力的研究,对后期地下水污染的防治与保护都有重要意义。本文以安徽省丘陵地区某铁矿为例,通过渗水试验评价包气带防污性能,并采用数值法分别进行饱水与非饱水渗透条件下的污染预测评价,为其它类似地区提供了可借鉴的方法和理论。

MODELING STUDY ON REMOVAL OF NITRATE IN WATER SYSTEM BY BACTERIA TRANSPLANTED IN UNSATURATED ZONE

With a view to treating the nitrate pollution in water systems,this article presents a novel method for eliminating nitrate from wastewater by bacteria through unsaturated zone. First,highly efficient denitrifiers suitable for underground environment have been studied based on the biochemical characterization and denitrifying mechanism of microorganisms. Then the nitrate-eliminating modeling study in soil columns was carried out with the obtained denitrifier. The results show that the nitrate-eeliminating efficiency can reach 98%,so it has practical value in controlling nitrate pollution in water systems.

The Unsaturated Hydraulic Parameters for Aeolian Sand

The water characteristic curve for aeolian sand in two processes of wetting and drying was obtained by the negative water column technique.The values of fitting parameters were calculated according to Van Genuchten formula and the parameters that characterized the prosperities of aeolian sand such as the unsaturated infiltration coefficient and specific water capacity were obtained.The results showed that the water characteristic curve for aeolian sand in wetting process had greater hysteresis quality than ...

Isothermal diffusion of water vapor in unsaturated soils based on Fick’s second law

In arid regions, water vapor diffusion predominates the total water migration in unsaturated soil, which significantly influences agriculture and engineering applications. With the aim of revealing the diffusion mechanism of water vapor in unsaturated soil, a water vapor migration test device was developed to conduct the water vapor migration indoor test. The test results demonstrate that the characteristics of water vapor diffusion in unsaturated soil conformed to Fick’s second law. A mathematical model for water vapor diffusion under isothermal conditions in unsaturated soil was established based on Fick’s law. Factors including the initial moisture content gradient, initial moisture content distribution, soil type and temperature that affect the water vapor diffusion coefficient were analyzed. The results show that there was good agreement between the moisture content calculated by the mathematical model and obtained by the indoor experiment. The vapor diffusion coefficient increased with increasing initial moisture content gradient and temperature. When the initial moisture content gradient is constant, the vapor diffusion coefficient increases with the increase of matrix suction ratio in dry and wet soil section. The effect of soil type on the water vapor diffusion coefficient was complex, as both the moisture content and soil particle sizes affected the water vapor diffusion.

Estimation of the van Genuchten Soil Water Retention Properties from Soil Textural Data

The van Genuchten (vG) function is often used to describe the soil water retention curve (SWRC) of unsaturated soils and fractured rock. The objective of this study was to develop a method to determine the vG model parameter m from the fractal dimension. We compared two approaches previously proposed by van Genuchten and Lenhard et al. for estimating m from the pore size distribution index of the Brooks and Corey (BC) model. In both approaches we used a relationship between the pore size distribution index of the BC model and the fractal dimension of the SWRC. A dataset containing 75 samples from the UNSODA unsaturated soil hydraulic database was used to evaluate the two approaches. The statistical parameters showed that the approach by Lenhard et al. provided better estimates of the parameter m. Another dataset containing 72 samples from the literature was used to validate Lenhard's approach in which the SWRC fractal dimension was estimated from the clay content. The estimated SWRC of the second dataset was compared with those obtained with the Rosetta model using sand, silt, and clay contents. Root mean square error values of the proposed fractal approach and Rosetta were 0.081 and 0.136, respectively, indicating that the proposed fractal approach performed better than the Rosetta model.

Debris Flows Introduced in Landslide Deposits under Rainfall Conditions:The Case of Wenjiagou Gully

Debris flows often occur in landslide deposits during heavy rainstorms.Debris flows are initiated by surface water runoff and unsaturated seepage under rainfall conditions.A physical model based on an infinitely long,uniform and void-rich sediment layer was applied to analyze the triggering of debris-flow introduced in landslide deposits.To determine the initiation condition for rainfall-induced debris flows,we conducted a surface water runoff and saturated-unsaturated seepage numerical program to model rainfall infiltration and runoff on a slope.This program was combined with physical modeling and stability analysis to make certain the initiation condition for rainfall-introduced debris flows.Taking the landslide deposits at Wenjiagou gully as an example,the initiation conditions for debris flow were computed.The results show that increase height of surface-water runoff and the decrease of saturated sediment shear strength of are the main reasons for triggering debris-flows under heavy rainfall conditions.The debris-flow triggering is affected by the depth of surface-water runoff,the slope saturation and shear strength of the sediment.

Effective stress in soils under different saturation conditions

BISHOP’s effective stress or two state stress variables are unsatisfactory for unsaturated soils where one of fluid phases is discontinuous, so new expressions of effective stress should be founded. The approach for derivation was according to the principle of equilibrium of forces (i.e., the stress-sharing principle), and it was firstly validated by demonstrating TERZAGHI’s principle of effective stress. And then, the derivations were subdivided into four parts according to different pore air states: 1) air bubbles were spherical and suspended in pore water; 2) air bubbles were bound on soil skeleton; 3) air bubbles held almost the single section of pore; 4) air phase was continuous. The different formulae of effective stress were presented. Conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) For nearly-saturated soils, the "real" effective stress would be a little smaller than TERZAGHI’s effective stress; 2) For soils in which air phase is discontinuous in the form of bubbles, a new concept of pore air elastic pressure is put forward, and the total stress can be constituted by effective stress, pore water pressure and pore air elastic pressure; 3) For soils in which air phase is continuous, effective stress is equal to the value of the total stress plus suction; 4) Suction can be divided into two parts: one is the effect caused by additional pressure, and the other is the contract action by the "skin".

瞬时外部水压作用下铺装层孔隙水冲刷特征研究

为了研究瞬时车辆轮载作用下桥面铺装点状透水区的孔隙水冲刷特征,本文基于计算流体力学基本理论,针对桥面铺装孔隙的饱水和非饱水情况,采用FLUENT软件从细观角度对瞬时外部水压作用下桥面铺装孔隙内部液体的压强、流速、流场以及沥青与水流接触面的粘性剪切力进行稳态和瞬态分析,进一步研究动水冲刷作用下水损坏的发展规律,结果表明:孔隙内部最大压强位于出口缝隙与壁面连接处,孔隙内最大压强与车速关系可由二次曲线拟合表示,且该位置粘性剪切应力也最大,车辆荷载的反复作用下会造成沥青膜的乳化、推移、甚至剥离,水流持续冲刷出口缝隙位置,会造成出口缝隙持续增大,非饱水模型中各计算指标随时间动态变化,最大流速、静压、动压、负压等在计算达到平衡后都超过饱和计算模型,但出现位置仍与饱水模型一致。