大孔隙对土壤水分入渗特性影响的物理模拟试验

利用不同粒径砂石和大孔隙域模具模拟同一深度、不同有效面孔隙度,在特制试验装置中研究积水条件下大孔隙流的三维运移行为。结果表明:湿润峰平齐且稳定的转折时间和有效面孔隙度相关性较高;不同有效面孔隙度条件下累积入渗量符合Kostiakov模型但其参数是有效面孔隙度的函数;大孔隙的连通性在一定条件下对土壤水分的优先入渗起主导作用;大孔隙的存在导致大孔隙中心特征剖面湿润面积发生典型变化,给出了大孔隙中心特征剖面湿润面积增量的定量概念及其与有效面孔隙度之间的数学模型,并进行了验证,精度满足要求。

分形理论在土壤大孔隙研究中的应用及其展望

土壤大孔隙是普遍存在的现象 ,而非例外 ,它们使水及溶质快速穿过土壤 ,确定大孔隙大小分布需要大量的野外和室内实验。本文在对分形理论概念进行简要阐述的基础上 ,介绍了分形理论在大孔隙研究中所取得的成果 ,结果表明应用分形理论确定土壤大孔隙性质是一种省时、省力和具有广泛代表性的方法 ,最后对分形理论在土壤大孔隙研究中应用前景作了展望。

Meso-damage evolution and mechanical characteristics of low-porosity sedimentary rocks under uniaxial compression

Low pore sedimentary rocks(from Guangxi, China) were subjected to uniaxial compression loading experiment under different initial stresses. The rock samples were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance before and after the loading. The relationships between the mesoscopic rock damage and macroscopic mechanical parameters were established, and the initial damage stress of the low-porosity sedimentary rock was determined. The results showed that this type of rock has the initial stress of damage. When the initial loading stress is lower than the initial stress of damage, the T2 spectrum area of the rock sample gradually decreases, and the primary pores of the rock are further closed under the stress. The range of the initial stress of damage for this type of rock is 8-16 MPa. When the loading stress exceeds the initial stress of damage, the T2 spectrum area gradually increases, indicating that the porosity of the rock increases and microscopic damage of the rock appears. The rock damage degree is defined, and the nonlinear function between the rock damage degree and the initial loading stress is established.

Micromorphology of Surface Crusts in the Knersvlakte,South Africa

Soils in the Knersvlakte are particularly prone to crusting and have lower inherent infiltrability than other soils across western southern Africa. Micromorphological techniques were used to examine the structure and porosity of soil crusts in the Knersvlakte to ascertain why crusting is so intense in this region. Quantile regression using boundary lines was employed to examine the relationships between infiltrability and soil properties for all samples （n = 67）. This analysis showed that infiltrability is potentially maximal at low water- dispersible ＇clay plus silt＇ content and low silt content （r^2 = 0.72 and 0.64; respectively, n = 67） （Figure 2）. The strength of crusts, pH, EC, clay mineralogy, and water-dispersible clay, silt and ＇clay plus silt＇ content were compared, and a pore analysis using optical microscopy was undertaken on images of six soil thin sections （n = 6） （circular and parallel polarizers）. Pore analysis was further undertaken on five horizontal slices of equal dimensions taken through each soil thin section. The porosity samples with low infiltrability （〈 100 mm·hr^-1, n = 4） had greater crust strength, lower porosity （both total and in the least porous slice） and greater water-dispersible ＇day plus silt＇ and silt content than the porosity samples with high infiltrability （〉 100mm·hr^-1, n = 2）. The porosity samples with low infiltrability showed a trend of lower pH and greater water dispersible clay percentage. Porosity varied within the porosity samples due to the presence of dense clay/silt bands （〈 0.5 mm in width） with relatively few air vesicles. The porosity samples with horizontal slices of low porosity （but large numbers of air vesicles） had low infiltrability, while those without slices of low porosity （and relatively few air vesicles） had high infiltrability. We conclude that the intense crusting and resultant low infiltrability of soils in the Knersvlakte appears to be related to the formation of thin, dense clay/silt bands in the pedoderm.

Spatial Structure Characteristics Detecting of Landform based on Improved 3D Lacunarity Model

The spatial structure characteristics of landform are the foundation of geomorphologic classification and recognition.This paper proposed a new method on quantifying spatial structure characteristics of terrain surface based on improved 3D Lacunarity model.Lacunarity curve and its numerical integration are used in this model to improve traditional classification result that different morphological types may share the close value of indexes based on global statistical analysis.Experiments at four test areas with different landform types show that improved 3D Lacunarity model can effectively distinguish different morphological types per texture analysis.Higher sensitivity in distinguishing the tiny differences of texture characteristics of terrain surface shows that the quantification method by 3D Lacu-narity model and its numerical integration presented in this paper could contribute to improving the accuracy of land-form classifications and relative studies.

Changes of Porosity and Roughness of Concrete Surfaces Due to Microbial Corrosion

The issue of the building materials biocorrosion has a significant economic dimension because it results in the costly repair. The start and the course of corrosion are conditioned by many factors which undoubtedly include biological effects like the influence of vegetation and microorganisms causing the so called microbial corrosion. Microorganisms have also a considerable share in the decay and degradation of different building materials. The activity of sulphuratum is the keystone of many processes in nature and in industry. The sulphuric bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulphide produced by sulphate-reducing bacteria into sulphuric acid resulting in the acid or sulphate corrosion of cement stone. The paper is aimed on evaluation of porosity and roughness of concrete samples surface as elementary characteristics of microbial corrosion. After 4 months exposure to the real conditions in sewers deposition the changes were observed by confocal laser microscopy and consequently analyzed and interpreted.

玄武岩纤维和砂对水泥土微观结构及拉压强度的影响

为研究玄武岩纤维和砂对水泥土微观结构及强度的影响,进行了不同玄武岩纤维掺量、不同掺砂量条件下水泥土的扫描电镜(SEM)分析以及拉压强度对比试验,探讨了玄武岩纤维和砂增强水泥土强度的作用机制.微观结构表明:砂的填充和置换作用增加了水泥土的密实度和整体性,定量分析得到掺砂量在15%时水泥土的微观结构表现最佳;玄武岩纤维能够承担试样内部因荷载作用而产生的拉应力,且随着掺量的增大,拉应力也会相应的提高,在玄武岩纤维掺量为1.5%时达到最佳;合适掺量的玄武岩纤维和砂会共同促进水泥土拉压强度的提高.微观结构分析与拉压强度试验得出的结果较为吻合,玄武岩纤维的合适掺量为1.0%~1.5%,砂的合适掺量为15%.

Formation of Polyethersulfone Film with Regular Microporous Structure by Water Vapor Induced Phase Separation

Polyethersulfone(PES)film with regular microporous structure was formed using dichloromethane as the solvent via water vapor induced phase separation(VIPS).The effects of solution concentration,atmospheric humidity and temperature,as well as molecular weight of PES on the surface morphology of the polymer film were investigated.The surface morphology characterized by SEM showed that the pore size reduced as the solution concentration increased.There was an optimum range of relative humidity for the formation of regular pore structure, which was from 60%to 90%at concentration of 20 g·L-1 and 20°C.With the atmospheric temperature varied from 20 to 30°C,the pore became larger and the space between pores increased.The pore size in the PES film with low molecular weight was smaller than that with high molecular weight.

Energy analysis of stability on shallow tunnels based on non-associated flow rule and non-linear failure criterion

On the basis of upper bound theorem, non-associated flow rule and non-linear failure criterion were considered together.The modified shear strength parameters of materials were obtained with the help of the tangent method. Employing the virtual power principle and strength reduction technique, the effects of dilatancy of materials, non-linear failure criterion, pore water pressure,surface loads and buried depth, on the stability of shallow tunnel were studied. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the solutions in the present work agree well with the existing results when the non-associated flow rule is reduced to the associated flow rule and the non-linear failure criterion is degenerated to the linear failure criterion. Compared with dilatancy of materials, the non-linear failure criterion exerts greater impact on the stability of shallow tunnels. The safety factor of shallow tunnels decreases and the failure surface expands outward when the dilatancy coefficient decreases. While the increase of nonlinear coefficient, the pore water pressure coefficient, the surface load and the buried depth results in the small safety factor. Therefore, the dilatancy as well as non-linear failure criterion should be taken into account in the design of shallow tunnel supporting structure. The supporting structure must be reinforced promptly to prevent potential mud from gushing or collapse accident in the areas with abundant pore water, large surface load or buried depth.

Pore-scale study based on lattice Boltzmann method of density driven natural convection during CO_2 injection project

Saline aquifers are chosen for geological storage of greenhouse gas CO_2 because of their storage potential.In almost all cases of practical interest,CO_2 is present on top of the liquid and CO_2 dissolution leads to a small increase in the density of the aqueous phase.This situation results in the creation of negative buoyancy force for downward density-driven natural convection and consequently enhances CO_2 sequestration.In order to study CO_2 injection at pore-level,an isothermal Lattice Boltzmann Model(LBM) with two distribution functions is adopted to simulate density-driven natural convection in porous media with irregular geometry obtained by image treatment.The present analysis showed that after the onset of natural convection instability,the brine with a high CO_2 concentration infringed into the underlying unaffected brine,in favor of the migration of CO_2 into the pore structure.With low Rayleigh numbers,the instantaneous mass flux and total dissolved CO_2 mass are very close to that derived from penetration theory(diffusion only),but the fluxes are significantly enhanced with high Ra number.The simulated results show that as the time increases,some chaotic and recirculation zones in the flow appear obviously,which promotes the renewal of interfacial liquid,and hence enhances dissolution of CO_2 into brine.This study is focused on the scale of a few pores,but shows implications in enhanced oil/gas recovery with CO_2 sequestration in aquifers.