The concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) is an important dam type in the selection of high dams to be constructed in Western China,owing to its direct utilization of local materials,good adaptability,and distinct economi...The concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) is an important dam type in the selection of high dams to be constructed in Western China,owing to its direct utilization of local materials,good adaptability,and distinct economic advantages.Over the past decades,China has gained successful experience in the construction of 200 m CFRDs,providing the necessary technical accumulation for the development of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs.This paper summarizes these successful experiences and analyzes the problems of a number of major 200 m CFRDs around the world.In addition,it discusses the key technologies and latest research progress regarding safety in the construction of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs,and suggests focuses and general ideas for future research.展开更多
Due to the complexity of earthwork allocation system for the construction of high concrete face rockfill dam,traditional allocation and planning are not able to function properly in the construction process with stron...Due to the complexity of earthwork allocation system for the construction of high concrete face rockfill dam,traditional allocation and planning are not able to function properly in the construction process with strong randomness.In this paper,the working mechanism of earthwork dynamic allocation system is analyzed comprehensively and a solution to fuzzy earthwork dynamic allocation is proposed on the basis of uncertain factors in the earthwork allocation of a hydropower project.Under the premise of actual situation and the experience of the construction site,an all-coefficient-fuzzy linear programming mathematical model with fuzzy parameters and constraints for earthwork allocation is established according to the structure unit weighted ranking criteria.In this way,the deficiency of certain allocation model can be overcome.The application results indicate that the proposed method is more rational compared with traditional earthwork allocation.展开更多
At the beginning of 21st century, with the rapid and steady development of China economy, a lot of large scale hydropower projects with large dams from 200 m to 300 m high are being or to be built. China dam construct...At the beginning of 21st century, with the rapid and steady development of China economy, a lot of large scale hydropower projects with large dams from 200 m to 300 m high are being or to be built. China dam constructions are reaching the level of 300 m high arch dam, 250 high CFRD (concrete face rockfill dam) and 200 m high RCC (roller compacted concrete) gravity dam. Due to the safety and the economy, the type selection for high dams has become the key issue during the argumentation for the hydropower projects, and further efforts are still needed in this aspect for high dams. After reviewing the high dam constructions in China and abroad, authors proposed some advices for the selection of dam types, and hope that it can provide some helpful information for the researches and the design of high dams.展开更多
To find the distribution patterns of dynamic amplification coefficients for dams subjected to earthquake, 3D seismic responses of concrete-faced rockfill dams with different heights and different shapes of river valle...To find the distribution patterns of dynamic amplification coefficients for dams subjected to earthquake, 3D seismic responses of concrete-faced rockfill dams with different heights and different shapes of river valley were analyzed by using the equivalent-linear model. Statistical analysis was also made to the seismic coefficient, and an empirical formula for calculating the maximum acceleration was provided. The results indicate that under the condition of the same dam height and the same base acceleration excitations, with the increase of the river valley width, the position of the maximum acceleration on the axis of the top of the dam moves from the center to the riversides symmetrically. For the narrow valleys, the maximum acceleration occurs in the middle of the axis at the top of the dam; for wide valleys the maximum acceleration appears near the riversides. The result negates the application of 2D dynamical computation for wide valleys, and shows that for the seismic response of high concrete-faced rockfill dams, the seismic coefficient along the axis should be given, except for that along the dam height. Seismic stability analysis of rockfill dams using pseudo-static method can be modified according to the formula.展开更多
Based on the APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) and combined with the actual project related to parameters of filling material, imported Duncan-Chang constitutive model which has been widely applied in soil mas...Based on the APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) and combined with the actual project related to parameters of filling material, imported Duncan-Chang constitutive model which has been widely applied in soil mass and rock-fill in the ANSYS software. With the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis by the mid-point incremental method, what have been computed are the deformation and stress analysis ofNa Ba reservoir CFRD (Concrete Face Rock-fill Dam) in filling period. The calculation results provide practical reference for the dam during construction safety filling stress and deformation analysis and real-time monitoring.展开更多
Experimental investigations of the dilatancy and particle breakage of gravelly material from the Zipingpu concrete-faced rock- fill dam, which was subjected to high-intensity seismic load during the 2008 Wenchuan eart...Experimental investigations of the dilatancy and particle breakage of gravelly material from the Zipingpu concrete-faced rock- fill dam, which was subjected to high-intensity seismic load during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, were conducted through a series of large-scale drained triaxial compression tests. A hyperbolic relation between the input plastic work and the degree of particle breakage was found for Zipingpu gravel, independent of the initial void ratio and confining pressures. The stress-dilatancy for Zipingpu gravel was analyzed and compared with data from two rounded alluvial and three angular quar- ried gravelly and rockfill materials in the literature. A nearly linear relationship between the dilatancy Dp and the stress ratio η was found at medium-to-large stress ratios before the peak stress ratio. The slope of the stress-dilatancy line before peak had slight dependence on the void ratio and confining pressure of the gravel. After peak, the stress-dilatancy relation shifts down compared with that before peak for the gravel specimen. The phase-transformation stress ratio decreased with increased con- fining pressure, with the exception of sub-rounded gravel with little particle breakage. A nearly linear relationship was found between the phase-transformation stress ratio Mf and the state parameter ψ for the Zipingpu gravel, regardless of the void ratio and confining pressure of the specimens.展开更多
The Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD)experienced strong ground motion from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Separation between concrete face slabs and the cushion layer was observed after the earthquake.The separ...The Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD)experienced strong ground motion from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Separation between concrete face slabs and the cushion layer was observed after the earthquake.The separation voids under the stage III slabs make up 55%of the total area of the stage III slabs.The observed maximum height of the separation voids was nearly 23 cm at the top of the stage III slabs.Separation voids were also observed locally below the top of stage II slabs near the left abutment,with a maximum height of 7 cm.In this study,a static and dynamic elasto-plastic finite element analysis on Zipingpu CFRD was conducted to capture the separation during the Wenchuan earthquake.The rockfill materials were described using a state-dependent elasto-plastic model that considered particle breakage.The model parameters of rockfill materials were obtained from feedback analysis.The numerical results were largely consistent with the field measurements during construction and after the Wenchuan earthquake.A three-dimensional state-dependent elasto-plastic model that can trace the separation and re-contact of a soil-structure interface was employed to investigate the interaction between concrete face slabs and a cushion layer.The analysis showed the distribution of separation voids observed in the Zipingpu CFRD has a close relationship to the water level and slab dislocations at the time of the earthquake.The phenomenon of the separation from the Wenchuan earthquake was successfully captured by the proposed numerical procedure.展开更多
Considering the complex nonlinear relationship between the material parameters of a concrete faced rock-fill dam(CFRD) and its displacements, the harmony search(HS) algorithm is used to optimize the back propagation n...Considering the complex nonlinear relationship between the material parameters of a concrete faced rock-fill dam(CFRD) and its displacements, the harmony search(HS) algorithm is used to optimize the back propagation neural network(BPNN), and the HS-BPNN algorithm is formed and applied for the inversion analysis of the parameters of rock-fill materials. The sensitivity of the parameters in the Duncan and Chang's E-B model is analyzed using the orthogonal test design. The case study shows that the parameters φ0, K, Rf, and Kb are sensitive to the deformation of the rock-fill dam and the inversion analysis for these parameters is performed by the HS-BPNN algorithm. Compared with the traditional BPNN, the HS-BPNN algorithm exhibits the advantages of high convergence precision, fast convergence rate, and strong stability.展开更多
This paper deals with the estimation of crest settlement in a concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD), utilizing intelligent methods. Following completion of dam construction, considerable movements of the crest and the b...This paper deals with the estimation of crest settlement in a concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD), utilizing intelligent methods. Following completion of dam construction, considerable movements of the crest and the body of the dam can develop during the first impoundment of the reservoir. Although there is vast experience worldwide in CFRD design and construction, few accurate experimental relationships are available to predict the settlement in CFRD. The goal is to advance the development of intelligent methods to estimate the subsidence of dams at the design stage. Due to dam zonifieation and uncertainties in material properties, these methods appear to be the appropriate choice. In this study, the crest settlement behavior of CFRDs is analyzed based on compiled data of 24 CFRDs constructed during recent years around the world, along with the utilization of gene ex- pression programming (GEP) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) methods. In addition, dam height (H), shape factor (St), and time (t, time after first operation) are also assessed, being considered major factors in predicting the settlement behavior. From the relationships proposed, the values ofR2 for both equations of GEP (with and without constant) were 0.9603 and 0.9734, and for the three approaches of ANFIS (grid partitioning (GP), subtractive clustering method (SCM), and fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM)) were 0.9693, 0.8657, and 0.8848, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the overall behavior evaluated by this approach is consistent with the measured data of other CFRDs.展开更多
Estimating the cracking capacity of the face slab and recommending effective crack-control measures are important for the anti-seismic safety of concrete-faced rockfill dams(CFRDs). In this paper, two-dimensional anal...Estimating the cracking capacity of the face slab and recommending effective crack-control measures are important for the anti-seismic safety of concrete-faced rockfill dams(CFRDs). In this paper, two-dimensional analyses of CFRDs are performed to simulate the seismic cracking behavior of conventional reinforced concrete(RC) face slab and a type of composite face slab. The composite face slab is composed of a ductile fiber-reinforced cement-based composite(DFRCC) layer and an RC substrate. For this purpose, a co-axial rotating smeared crack model for concrete and DFRCC is coupled with the generalized plasticity model for the rockfill material, and then implemented in a finite element program. The results show that during strong earthquakes,an RC slab is more likely to develop a penetrating macro-crack in its thickness dimension. In contrast, the crack-controlling composite slab demonstrates excellent resistance to seismic cracking, and no penetrating macro-cracks are observed. Major harmful cracks that form in the concrete substrate are stopped by the DFRCC layer in composite slabs.展开更多
文摘The concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) is an important dam type in the selection of high dams to be constructed in Western China,owing to its direct utilization of local materials,good adaptability,and distinct economic advantages.Over the past decades,China has gained successful experience in the construction of 200 m CFRDs,providing the necessary technical accumulation for the development of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs.This paper summarizes these successful experiences and analyzes the problems of a number of major 200 m CFRDs around the world.In addition,it discusses the key technologies and latest research progress regarding safety in the construction of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs,and suggests focuses and general ideas for future research.
基金Supported by the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51021004)Tianjin Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology(No.12JCZDJC29200)National Key Technology R and D Program in the 12th Five-Year Plan of China(No.2011BAB10B06)
文摘Due to the complexity of earthwork allocation system for the construction of high concrete face rockfill dam,traditional allocation and planning are not able to function properly in the construction process with strong randomness.In this paper,the working mechanism of earthwork dynamic allocation system is analyzed comprehensively and a solution to fuzzy earthwork dynamic allocation is proposed on the basis of uncertain factors in the earthwork allocation of a hydropower project.Under the premise of actual situation and the experience of the construction site,an all-coefficient-fuzzy linear programming mathematical model with fuzzy parameters and constraints for earthwork allocation is established according to the structure unit weighted ranking criteria.In this way,the deficiency of certain allocation model can be overcome.The application results indicate that the proposed method is more rational compared with traditional earthwork allocation.
文摘At the beginning of 21st century, with the rapid and steady development of China economy, a lot of large scale hydropower projects with large dams from 200 m to 300 m high are being or to be built. China dam constructions are reaching the level of 300 m high arch dam, 250 high CFRD (concrete face rockfill dam) and 200 m high RCC (roller compacted concrete) gravity dam. Due to the safety and the economy, the type selection for high dams has become the key issue during the argumentation for the hydropower projects, and further efforts are still needed in this aspect for high dams. After reviewing the high dam constructions in China and abroad, authors proposed some advices for the selection of dam types, and hope that it can provide some helpful information for the researches and the design of high dams.
基金Project(90815024) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To find the distribution patterns of dynamic amplification coefficients for dams subjected to earthquake, 3D seismic responses of concrete-faced rockfill dams with different heights and different shapes of river valley were analyzed by using the equivalent-linear model. Statistical analysis was also made to the seismic coefficient, and an empirical formula for calculating the maximum acceleration was provided. The results indicate that under the condition of the same dam height and the same base acceleration excitations, with the increase of the river valley width, the position of the maximum acceleration on the axis of the top of the dam moves from the center to the riversides symmetrically. For the narrow valleys, the maximum acceleration occurs in the middle of the axis at the top of the dam; for wide valleys the maximum acceleration appears near the riversides. The result negates the application of 2D dynamical computation for wide valleys, and shows that for the seismic response of high concrete-faced rockfill dams, the seismic coefficient along the axis should be given, except for that along the dam height. Seismic stability analysis of rockfill dams using pseudo-static method can be modified according to the formula.
文摘Based on the APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) and combined with the actual project related to parameters of filling material, imported Duncan-Chang constitutive model which has been widely applied in soil mass and rock-fill in the ANSYS software. With the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis by the mid-point incremental method, what have been computed are the deformation and stress analysis ofNa Ba reservoir CFRD (Concrete Face Rock-fill Dam) in filling period. The calculation results provide practical reference for the dam during construction safety filling stress and deformation analysis and real-time monitoring.
基金supported by the State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51138001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51279025+1 种基金91215301&51508071)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(Grant No.NCET-12-0083)
文摘Experimental investigations of the dilatancy and particle breakage of gravelly material from the Zipingpu concrete-faced rock- fill dam, which was subjected to high-intensity seismic load during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, were conducted through a series of large-scale drained triaxial compression tests. A hyperbolic relation between the input plastic work and the degree of particle breakage was found for Zipingpu gravel, independent of the initial void ratio and confining pressures. The stress-dilatancy for Zipingpu gravel was analyzed and compared with data from two rounded alluvial and three angular quar- ried gravelly and rockfill materials in the literature. A nearly linear relationship between the dilatancy Dp and the stress ratio η was found at medium-to-large stress ratios before the peak stress ratio. The slope of the stress-dilatancy line before peak had slight dependence on the void ratio and confining pressure of the gravel. After peak, the stress-dilatancy relation shifts down compared with that before peak for the gravel specimen. The phase-transformation stress ratio decreased with increased con- fining pressure, with the exception of sub-rounded gravel with little particle breakage. A nearly linear relationship was found between the phase-transformation stress ratio Mf and the state parameter ψ for the Zipingpu gravel, regardless of the void ratio and confining pressure of the specimens.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51279025,51379028&91215301)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(Grant No.NCET-12-0083)China’s Post-doctoral Science Fund(Grant No.2015M580225)
文摘The Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD)experienced strong ground motion from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Separation between concrete face slabs and the cushion layer was observed after the earthquake.The separation voids under the stage III slabs make up 55%of the total area of the stage III slabs.The observed maximum height of the separation voids was nearly 23 cm at the top of the stage III slabs.Separation voids were also observed locally below the top of stage II slabs near the left abutment,with a maximum height of 7 cm.In this study,a static and dynamic elasto-plastic finite element analysis on Zipingpu CFRD was conducted to capture the separation during the Wenchuan earthquake.The rockfill materials were described using a state-dependent elasto-plastic model that considered particle breakage.The model parameters of rockfill materials were obtained from feedback analysis.The numerical results were largely consistent with the field measurements during construction and after the Wenchuan earthquake.A three-dimensional state-dependent elasto-plastic model that can trace the separation and re-contact of a soil-structure interface was employed to investigate the interaction between concrete face slabs and a cushion layer.The analysis showed the distribution of separation voids observed in the Zipingpu CFRD has a close relationship to the water level and slab dislocations at the time of the earthquake.The phenomenon of the separation from the Wenchuan earthquake was successfully captured by the proposed numerical procedure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51579086,51479054,51379068&51139001)Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.BK20140039)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.YS11001)
文摘Considering the complex nonlinear relationship between the material parameters of a concrete faced rock-fill dam(CFRD) and its displacements, the harmony search(HS) algorithm is used to optimize the back propagation neural network(BPNN), and the HS-BPNN algorithm is formed and applied for the inversion analysis of the parameters of rock-fill materials. The sensitivity of the parameters in the Duncan and Chang's E-B model is analyzed using the orthogonal test design. The case study shows that the parameters φ0, K, Rf, and Kb are sensitive to the deformation of the rock-fill dam and the inversion analysis for these parameters is performed by the HS-BPNN algorithm. Compared with the traditional BPNN, the HS-BPNN algorithm exhibits the advantages of high convergence precision, fast convergence rate, and strong stability.
文摘This paper deals with the estimation of crest settlement in a concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD), utilizing intelligent methods. Following completion of dam construction, considerable movements of the crest and the body of the dam can develop during the first impoundment of the reservoir. Although there is vast experience worldwide in CFRD design and construction, few accurate experimental relationships are available to predict the settlement in CFRD. The goal is to advance the development of intelligent methods to estimate the subsidence of dams at the design stage. Due to dam zonifieation and uncertainties in material properties, these methods appear to be the appropriate choice. In this study, the crest settlement behavior of CFRDs is analyzed based on compiled data of 24 CFRDs constructed during recent years around the world, along with the utilization of gene ex- pression programming (GEP) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) methods. In addition, dam height (H), shape factor (St), and time (t, time after first operation) are also assessed, being considered major factors in predicting the settlement behavior. From the relationships proposed, the values ofR2 for both equations of GEP (with and without constant) were 0.9603 and 0.9734, and for the three approaches of ANFIS (grid partitioning (GP), subtractive clustering method (SCM), and fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM)) were 0.9693, 0.8657, and 0.8848, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the overall behavior evaluated by this approach is consistent with the measured data of other CFRDs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51379028,51421064&51279025)
文摘Estimating the cracking capacity of the face slab and recommending effective crack-control measures are important for the anti-seismic safety of concrete-faced rockfill dams(CFRDs). In this paper, two-dimensional analyses of CFRDs are performed to simulate the seismic cracking behavior of conventional reinforced concrete(RC) face slab and a type of composite face slab. The composite face slab is composed of a ductile fiber-reinforced cement-based composite(DFRCC) layer and an RC substrate. For this purpose, a co-axial rotating smeared crack model for concrete and DFRCC is coupled with the generalized plasticity model for the rockfill material, and then implemented in a finite element program. The results show that during strong earthquakes,an RC slab is more likely to develop a penetrating macro-crack in its thickness dimension. In contrast, the crack-controlling composite slab demonstrates excellent resistance to seismic cracking, and no penetrating macro-cracks are observed. Major harmful cracks that form in the concrete substrate are stopped by the DFRCC layer in composite slabs.