孕育剂的加入量对铸铁热分析曲线特征值及单位面积石墨数量的影响

在铸铁生产中,孕育处理对铸铁的凝固过程和显微组织有着敏感的影响。本研究采用自制的热分析组合样杯,在样杯中加入一定量的孕育剂进行孕育处理,制备不同孕育效果的铸铁试样,并获取热分析冷却曲线及试样凝固组织数据,初步研究了孕育剂的加入量对铸铁热分析曲线特征值及显微组织中单位面积石墨数量的影响。结果表明,随着孕育剂加入量的增加,温度特征值TER与ΔTe无明显变化趋势,TEU与单位面积石墨数量皆呈上升趋势。

科尔沁沙地湖泊消涨对气候变化的响应

湖泊是受气候变化影响显著的地理单元之一,不同地区湖泊消涨与气候变化关系的分析是理解陆地水文过程对未来气候变化响应的关键之一。对干旱、半干旱地区而言,湖泊消涨对气候变化的响应是干旱区生态保护和未来可持续发展的重要指征。气候变化对湖泊的影响在不同的区域已有较多的研究,但是针对湖泊群且基于湖泊大小分级和不同降水强度的对应研究还很鲜见。有鉴于此,作者在RS和GIS技术支持下,采用湖泊大小和降水强度分级的方法,分析了科尔沁沙地湖泊群消涨与气候变化的关系。在1971—2010年间,年均气温波动升高和降水量波动减少是该区域的主要气候变化特点。从5a移动平均分析来看,1990年是气温变化的转折点,1991—2010年的平均气温(7.36±0.55)℃,高于全球同期平均增温0.52℃。在1975—2009年间,科尔沁沙地湖泊面积和数量的变化趋势呈抛物线型减少,在1995年湖泊面积与数量最高。进入21世纪,湖泊面积萎缩、数量减少呈明显的加快趋势。到2009年,面积>0.05km2湖泊数量仅为81个,不足高峰期(1995年)的11%;湖泊总面积为4375.0hm2,不到1995年的26%。湖泊消涨主要受到年降水量波动影响,与年内降水分布格局无关,气温变化的影响不显著。

山东省自然保护区建设状况调查

调查了山东省自然保护区建设状况,分析了山东省自然保护区数量与面积、类型结构和区域分布特征。结果表明:截止2010年底,山东省自然保护区数量为73个,面积99.9万hm2,占全省国土面积的6.34%。省级自然保护区的数量和面积分别占全省自然保护区数量和面积的49.3%和55.0%。71.2%的自然保护区面积在10 000 hm2以下,30.1%的自然保护区的核心区、缓冲区与实验区的面积占自然保护区面积的比例在27%~42%之间变化。自然保护区类型比较齐全,森林生态类自然保护区的数量和面积分别占山东省自然保护区数量和面积的56.2%和31.1%。自然保护区区域分布不均,68.5%的自然保护区分布在鲁东丘陵区和鲁中南山地丘陵区。

大连市5个海岛野生维管束植物多样性研究

大连地处辽东半岛南端,三面环海,岛礁众多.通过对大连5个具有典型代表意义的海岛实地调查,查明了5个岛屿的野生维管束植物的种类,并分析了其物种多样性特点.结果表明,5个海岛共有野生维管束植物81科260属439种,其中蕨类9科9属16种,裸子植物2科2属3种,被子植物70科249属420种;5个海岛的野生维管束植物组成复杂,植物成分以温带性质为主,有一定的热带亲缘;经计算比较,5个海岛间野生维管束植物相似程度较低,推测小尺度下植物相似性程度与岛屿面积、离岸距离和人为干扰程度有一定联系.另外,5个海岛的物种数量与岛屿面积符合Mac Athur RH等提出的岛屿生物地理学理论,物种数量随着岛屿面积的增加而增加.

NdFeB磁体表面二次化学镀Ni-P合金防腐性能研究

采用化学镀方法,在烧结NdFeB磁体表面镀覆Ni-P合金,以提高磁体的耐腐蚀性。通过沉积速率、单位表面积孔隙数量的测试试验,确定了Ni2+与H2PO2-的摩尔浓度比、络合剂浓度、稳定剂浓度、pH值、施镀温度、时间等碱性预镀各组分的最佳浓度和工艺条件。测定了不同类型Ni-P化学镀试样和基体的单位表面积孔隙数量,以及在10%(体积分数)HCl、3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液和20%(质量分数)NaOH溶液中的腐蚀速率。结果表明:化学镀Ni-P合金能显著改善NdFeB永磁体的耐腐蚀性;以弱碱性化学镀为底层,酸性化学镀为表层的二次化学镀工艺可使磁体表面镀层的致密性和耐腐蚀性能最佳。

建瓯市自然保护小区现状特征分析

通过对建瓯市自然保护小区现状、空间分布、类型及面积数量等特征进行分析,结果表明:在空间分布上,自然保护小区遍布全市18个乡(镇、街道)的152个行政村;在保护小区类型上,有典型性森林生态系统、野生动物、野生植物、古树名木、自然景观、一般生态公益林等9大类型,典型的中亚热带森林生态系统是主要保护对象;在面积数量特征上具有典型"小"而分布广的特性,面积极不均等、差异悬殊。通过探讨自然保护小区保护与管理存在的问题,提出保护管理措施建议,为建瓯市自然保护小区生物多样性保护管理提供科学依据。

Effects of Different Irrigation Times and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Leaf Area Index and Grain Yield of ‘Yujiao 5'

To provide ＂more reasonable, more saving and more efficient＂ water and fertilizer application proposals, taking ‘Yujiao 5＇ as the experimental material, the effects of different irrigation times and nitrogen application treatments on the leaf area index and yield of wheat were studied using three-factor split plot method. The results showed that irrigation times, nitrogen application rate and the ratio of basa to topdressed nitrogen respectively had significant effects on the leaf area index, the yield and component factors of wheat. Under the treatment of W1（irrigation before sowing）, the leaf area index showed a positive linear correlation with nitrogen application rate; under the treatments of W2（irrigation before sowing and at jointing stage） and W3（irrigation before sowing, at jointing stage and at grain filling stages）,the leaf area index showed a positive linear correlation with nitrogen application rate at the jointing stage, booting stage and heading stage; 20 d after heading, the leaf area index showed a quadric curve relationship with nitrogen application rate at these stages, and the LAI of N3R2 was the highest. Under different irrigation times,the yield, ear number and kernels per ear showed quadric curve relationship with nitrogen application rate, 1 000-seed weight showed the trend of linear decrease with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Under the treatment combination of irrigation before sowing, at jointing stage and at grain filling stage, nitrogen application rate at 240 kg/hm^2 and the ratio of basal to topdressed nitrogen of 5：5, the grain yield（8 609.60 kg/hm^2）, ear number（688.2×104/hm^2） and kernel number per ear（37.9 grains） reached the highest value at W3N3R2, and the grain yield of W3N3R2 increased by 144.8% compared to the W1N0. In conclusion, in Eastern Henan where the rainfall is insufficient at the late growth stage of wheat, the irrigation-saving space in wheat production is relatively small, but the nitrogen-saving space is relatively large.

Relations Between Red Edge Characteristics and Agronomic Parameters of Crops

The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stemfor six varieties, two each of rice corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stageswith an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^(TM) to analyze red edge characteristics forleaf area indices (LAI),aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizingcomparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a 'double peak' phenomenonfor the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were 'increase' and 'decrease'change rules for the red edge position, lambda_r, the red edge slope, D lambda_r, and the red edgearea, S_r, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a 'blue shift' for lambda_r of the leafspectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI andfresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) to the red edge parameters lambda_r,D lambda_r, and S_r of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a,chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P< 0.01) correlations to their lambda_r. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg^(-1)and phytomassfor a unit area of land in g m^(-2) also had a highly significant (P < 0.01)correlation to lambda_r, D lambda_r lambda_r, and S_r of the canopy spectra.

The Suitability of Using Leaf Area Index to Quantify Soil Loss under Vegetation Cover

Soil erosion by water under forest cover is a serious problem in southern China.A comparative study was carried out on the use of leaf area index(LAI) and vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) in quantifying soil loss under vegetation cover.Five types of vegetation with varied LAI and VFC under field conditions were exposed to two rainfall rates(40 mm h-1 and 54 mm h-1) using a portable rainfall simulator.Runoff rate,sediment concentration and soil loss rate were measured at relatively runoff stable state.Significant negative exponential relationship(p < 0.05,R2 = 0.83) and linear relationship(p < 0.05,R2 = 0.84) were obtained between LAI and sediment concentration,while no significant relationship existed between VFC and sediment concentration.The mechanism by which vegetation canopy prevents soil loss was by reducing rainfall kinetic energy and sediment concentration.LAI could better quantify such a role than VFC.However,neither LAI nor VFC could explain runoff rate or soil loss rate.Caution must be taken when using LAI to quantify the role of certain vegetation in soil and water conservation.

Differences in Soil Microbial Biomass and Activity for Six Agroecosystems with a Management Disturbance Gradient

Different management practices in six agroecosystems located near Goldsboro, NC, USA were conducted including a successional field (SU), a plantation woodlot (WO), an integrated cropping system with animals (IN), an organic farming system (OR), and two cash-grain cropping systems employing either tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT) to examine if and how microbial biomass and activity differ in response to alterations in disturbance intensity from six land management strategies. Results showed that soil microbial biomass and activity differed, with microbial activity in intermediately disturbed ecosystems (NT, OR, IN) being significantly higher (P ＜ 0.01) than systems with either high or low disturbance intensities. There was also a significant and a highly significant ecosystem effect from the treatments on microbial biomass C (MBC) (P ＜ 0.05) and on microbial activity (respiration) (P ＜ 0.01), respectively. Multiple comparisons of mean respiration rates distinctly separated the six ecosystem types into three groups: CT ＜ NT, SU and WO ＜ OR and IN.Thus, for detecting microbial response to disturbance changes these results indicated that the active component of the soil microbial community was a better indicator than total biomass.

Evaluation of the individual allocation scheme and its impacts in a dynamic global vegetation model

The strategies of plant growth play an important role not only in ecosystem structure,but also in global carbon and water cycles.In this work,the individual carbon allocation scheme of tree PFTs and its impacts were evaluated in China with Institute of Atmospheric Physics-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model,version 1.0（IAP-DGVM1.0）as a test-bed.The results showed that,as individual growth,the current scheme tended to allocate an increasing proportion of annual net primary productivity（NPP）to sapwood and decreasing proportions to leaf and root accordingly,which led to underestimated individual leaf biomass and overestimated individual stem biomass.Such biases resulted in an overestimation of total ecosystem biomass and recovery time of mature forests,and an underestimation of ecosystem NPP and tree leaf area index in China.

Identification of Ice Elevation Change of the Shuiguan River No.4 Glacier in the Qilian Mountains,China

GPS measurement,an effective method for surveying glacier surface topography,has been applied in some glaciers for many years.The Shuiguan River No.4 glacier,a small glacier with its area of 1.84 km2 in 1972,located in the east of the Qilian Mountains,China,was selected to study its ice elevation change using GPS measurement in 2007.This study was conducted on the ablation area with GPS-measured area 0.5 km2.The ice elevation change of the glacier was obtained by comparing the DEM obtained by a 1:50 000 topographic map made in 1972 with the DEM by GPS-measured data acquired in 2007.The differences of the two DEMs showed the thinning condition of the glacier was apparent.The mean thinning was 15±8 m with the mean thinning rate of 0.42±0.22 m a-1 for 1972-2007 in the measurement area,which equaled 0.38±0.20 m yr-1 in water equivalent(w.e.).The prominent thinning occurred on the south part of the glacier,which was the area near the glacier terminus with the maximum thinning of 41±8 m.Assuming the thinning value of 15±8 m for the glacier area below 4640 m a.s.l.,the wasting ice mass was calculated to be 6.4±3.2×10-3 km3 for 1972-2007,corresponding to 5.7±2.8×10-3 km3 w.e.,which meant that the montane runoff released by the glacier was at least 5.7±2.8×106 m3 between 1972-2007.

Designing Bézier surfaces minimizing the L^2-norm of the Gaussian curvature

In freeform surface modelling, developable surfaces have much application value. But, in 3D space, there is not always a regular developable surface which interpolates the given boundary of an arbitrary piecewise smooth closed curve. In this paper, tensor product Bézier surfaces interpolating the closed curves are determined and the resulting surface is a minimum of the functional defined by the L2-integral norm of the Gaussian curvature. The Gaussian curvature of the surfaces is minimized by the method of solving nonlinear optimization problems. An improved approach trust-region form method is proposed. A simple application example is also given.

Large-Scale Desiccation of the Aral Sea due to Over-Exploitation after 1960

The Aral Sea was one of the largest lakes in the world before it started to shrink in the 1960s due to water withdrawal for agricultural irrigation. Precipitation decreased from 9.4 kmin 1960 to 3.2 km3 in 2009, and annual river inflow into the Aral Sea decreased from 31.5 km3 in 1998 to 5.2 km3 in 2009. Comparison on the hydrological data of the Aral Sea between 1960 and 2009 showed the evaporation, water surface area, and water volume decreased by 90%, 80%, and 88%, respectively. This study employs the observed values of water volume, precipitation, runoff, evaporation, and salinity to estimate water volume and salinity from 1960 to 2009, and the efficiency coefficients for predicted water volume and salinity are o.975 and 0.974, respectively. Regression equations calculated from the observed data are used to predict precipitation, runoff, evaporation, and salinity from 20lO to 2021, and the results are then applied in the estimation of water volume and salinity Our estimates suggest that salinity will increase to around 200 g/L and water volume will decrease to around 83 km3 in 2021.

Adaptive Surface Reconstruction Based on Tensor Product Algebraic Splines

Surface reconstruction from unorganized data points is a challenging problem in Computer Aided Design and Geometric Modeling. In this paper, we extend the mathematical model proposed by Juttler and Felis （Adv. Comput. Math., 17 （2002）, pp. 135-152） based on tensor product algebraic spline surfaces from fixed meshes to adaptive meshes. We start with a tensor product algebraic B-spline surface defined on an initial mesh to fit the given data based on an optimization approach. By measuring the fitting errors over each cell of the mesh, we recursively insert new knots in cells over which the errors are larger than some given threshold, and construct a new algebraic spline surface to better fit the given data locally. The algorithm terminates when the error over each cell is less than the threshold. We provide some examples to demonstrate our algorithm and compare it with Juttler＇s method. Examples suggest that our method is effective and is able to produce reconstruction surfaces of high quality.

Evapotranspiration and ratio of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize in north China

Evapotranspiration （ETc） is an important quantity for hydrological cycle. This study shows evapotranspiration, the ratio of evaporation to evapotranspiration （E/ETc） of winter wheat and maize in north China. Several relationships, namely, E/ET0 and soil surface moisture, E/ET0 and leaf area index （LAI）, are also analyzed. The average seasonal ETc values for winter wheat, maize （2008） and maize （2009） are 431.21,456.3 and 341.4mm. The value of E/ET0 varied from 1 at initial growth stage to 0.295 at the later growth for winter wheat, and from 1 to 0.492, from 1 to 0.566 for maize （2008） and maize （2009）. The relationship between E/ET0 and surface soil water content, and E/ET0 and LAI are fitted to a quadratic parabola equation with significant correlation coefficients, respectively, for wheat and maize. These results should help the precise planning and efficient management of irrigation for these crops in this region.

The Impact of Land Fragmentation in the Qualitative and Quantitative Aspect of Seeds and Their Production

Due to the pedo-climate conditions in the region of Korca, this area is considered to be one of the most favorable regions for cultivating various kinds of plants such as cereals, vegetables, wood-trees, vineyards, etc. All the factors such as rain, temperature, the impact of sunlight, and the pathological structure of the land, make this region one of the most productive and qualitative among the others. Changing the political systems in Albania during the last decades in Albania had its own impact even in the agricultural aspect. Shifting from communism into a modem, capitalist economy built a huge barrier for farmers in their way to intensifying the agricultural production. Dividing the land according to the law number 7,501, was accompanied by a severe fragmentation of the plot, reducing the degree of mechanization and chemical process. In this paper, the authors will try to analyze the effect of law fragmentation in the regional farmers working process in the region of Korea, and other municipalities such as Bilisht and Maliq, nearby Korea. There were randomly interviewed 150 farmers, from which 30 from the municipality of Bilisht, 22 from Korca municipality and 15 from Maliqi. From each farmer, these were the variables taken into consideration： Total land area, irrigated land, the number of plots, the area planted with wheat, corn, vegetables, fruit, vineyards, and forages. All the data that were gathered and translated into figures have indicated statistic elements such as the average value of each variable, deviation or standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation and regression. For instance in the municipality of Bilisht, it has been concluded that between the total variable area and number of plots, the related correlation value of the correlation coefficient is r = ＋ 0.73 and the value of regression coefficient is R = 2.71. In this municipality, correlative links between the variable and the total area planted with wheat area, are of medium category, with a value of the correlation coefficient of r = ＋ 0.52 and the regression coefficient is R = 0.89. Regarding the studies in the municipality of Maliq, it has been a correlation link between the weak variable category： in the surface of the irrigated area and the land planted with vegetables and corn, the value of the correlation coefficient is r = ＋ 0.24 and the regression coefficient R = 2.11. In the municipality of Korea, among the variable of irrigated area and the surface of the land planted with vegetables, there is a weak correlative link with a value of the correlation coefficient r = ＋ 0.17 and the regression coefficient R = 0.58.

自发性脑出血患者血肿形态分析对早期血肿扩大的预测与诊断价值

目的通过有限元(finite element analysis,FEA)方法对自发性脑出血(spontaneous intracrebral hemorrhage,SICH)患者颅内血肿形态进行重建与分析,获取形态相关参数,考查形态相关参数与常规临床评估相比对血肿扩大(hematoma expansion,HE)的预测与诊断优势。方法采用回顾性、病例对照方法,纳入百色市人民医院急诊科2015年6月至2017年12月期间符合研究标准的SICH患者。收集患者入院临床参数,对同一患者的常规头颅CT影像采用两种不同的分析方法。常规评估:临床调查员根据血肿断层影像判别血肿边缘是否规则,出血量计算采用简化多田公式(ABC/2)。FEA分析:FEA调查员进行血肿腔FEA分析,得到血肿空间形态和血肿体积、表面积、血肿腔每平方毫米表面积三角片数量(the quantity of triangles per square millimeter surface,TQOT/mm2)等参数。出血量或血肿体积较基线水平增加>33%认为发生血肿扩大,根据两种出血量评估方法(ABC/2,FEA)将患者分为各自的HE组与非HE组,单因素比较和Logistic多因素分析分别筛选FEA法、ABC/2法HE的危险因素,ROC曲线分析各自危险因素对HE的诊断能力。结果共有127例患者纳入研究。平均发病至首次CT时间为3.08±1.34 h,ABC/2法判别HE34(26.77%)例,FEA法31(24.41%)例,虽然两种方法判别血肿扩大差异有统计学意义(pearsonχ2=53.66,P=0.000),但仍有中度一致性(Kappa=0.65)。FEA实现所有患者血肿的三维重建,大体观察提示TQOT/mm2与形态相关。Logistic分析显示,ABC/2法仅有ICH评分为HE的危险因素(OR=1.79,95%CI:1.19~2.68);FEA法HE危险因素为TQOT/mm2≥1.95个/mm2(OR=16.99,95%CI:5.98~48.33)和血肿生长速度(Ultraearly Hematoma Growth,uHG),(OR=1.05,95%CI:1.01~1.09)。ROC曲线结果:ICH评分对HE(ABC/2法)诊断的曲线下面积(Area under the curve,AUC)为0.64。uHG(FEA法)为0.67,诊断能力低。而TQOT/mm2诊断HE(FEA法)的AUC为0.9,取值1.95(个/mm2)时敏感性和特异性分别为77%和83%。与单参数诊断相比,FEA的参数组合模式(TQOT/mm2+uHG)没有显著增加TQOT/mm2对HE(FEA法)的诊断准确性(AUC=0.91),常规评估参数组合模式(ICH评分+入院SBP>180 mmHg)对HE(ABC/2法)的诊断准确性仍不理想(AUC<0.7)。结论:FEA可实现颅内血肿形态重建与分析,获得参数TQOT/mm2可能与形态规则程度相关,以≥1.95个/mm2为界值判别的血肿形态不规则不仅与HE相关,而且有较优的预测和诊断价值,显著优于常规评估参数及其组合。

Energy exchange of an alpine grassland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The seasonal variability in the surface energy exchange of an alpine grassland on the eastern Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau was investigated using eddy covariance measurements. Based on the change of air temperature and the seasonal distribution of precipitation, a winter season and wet season were identified, which were separated by transitional periods. The annual mean net radiation （Rn） was about 39 % of the annual mean solar radiation （Rs）. Rn was relatively low during the winter season （21% of Rs） compared with the wet season （54 % of Rs）, which can be explained by the difference in surface albedo and moisture condition between the two seasons. Annually, the main consumer of net radiation was latent heat flux （LE）. During the winter season, sensible heat flux （H） was dominant because of the frozen soil condition and lack of precipita- tion. During the wet season, LE expended 66 % of Rn due to relatively high temperature and sufficient rainfall cou- pled with vegetation growth. Leaf area index （LAI） had important influence on energy partitioning during wet season. The high LAI due to high soil water content （θv） contributed to high surface conductance （go） and LE, and thus low Bowen ratio （β）. LE was strongly controlled by Rn from June to August when gc and θv were high. During the transitional periods, H and LE were nearly equally parti- tioned in the energy balance. The results also suggested that the freeze-thaw condition of soil and the seasonal distribution of precipitation had important impacts on the energy exchange in this alpine grassland.

Assessment and analysis of microwave emissivity and transmissivity of a deciduous forest towards the estimate of vegetation biomass

Forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle and have a potential impact on global climatic change.Monitoring forest biomass is of considerable importance in understanding the hydrological cycle.Because of the problem of dense forest cover,no reliable method with which to retrieve soil moisture in forest areas from the microwave emission signature has been established.All of these issues relate to the microwave emissivity and transmissivity characteristics of a forest.The microwave emission contribution received by a sensor above a forest canopy comes from both the soil surface and the vegetation layer.To analyze the relationship of forest biomass and forest emission and transmissivity,a high-order emission model,the matrix-doubling model,which consists of both soil and vegetation models,was developed and then validated for a young deciduous forest stand in a field experiment.To simulate the emissivity and transmissivity of a deciduous forest in the L and X bands using the matrix-doubling model,the parameters of components of deciduous trees when the leaf area index varies from 1 to10 were generated by an L-system and a forest growth model.The emissivity and transmissivity of a forest and the relationships of these parameters to forest biomass are presented and analyzed in this paper.Emissivity in the L band when the leaf area index is less than 6 and at viewing angles less than 40°,and transmissivity in the L band are the most sensitive parameters in deciduous forest biomass estimation.