Ray path of head waves with irregular interfaces

Head waves are usually considered to be the refracted waves propagating along flat interfaces with an underlying higher velocity.However,the path that the rays travel along in media with irregular interfaces is not clear.Here we study the problem by simulation using a new approach of the spectral-element method with some overlapped elements（SEMO） that can accurately evaluate waves traveling along an irregular interface.Consequently,the head waves are separated from interface waves by a time window.Thus,their energy and arrival time changes can be analyzed independently.These analyses demonstrate that,contrary to the case for head waves propagating along a flat interface,there are two mechanisms for head waves traveling along an irregular interface：a refraction mechanism and transmission mechanism.That is,the head waves may be refracted waves propagating along the interface or transmitted waves induced by the waves propagating in the higher-velocity media.Such knowledge will be helpful in constructing a more accurate inversion method,such as head wave travel-time tomography,and in obtaining a more accurate model of subsurface structure which is very important for understanding the formation mechanism of some special areas,such as the Tibetan Plateau.

Estimation of Deep Soil Profiles in Lima Peru

Deep shear-wave velocity profiles at eight places in Lima Peru were estimated based on the inversion of dispersion curves. The dispersion curves were calculated from small and large microtremor arrays using two methods： the F-k proposed by Capon （1969） and the CCA proposed by Cho et al. （2004）. For the purpose of large array measurement we introduced a new type of sensor. Important results are the relative shallow depths to the basement rock in the area classified as alluvial gravel that covers most of the area of Lima city; and the relative large depth to the bedrock in places identified as VSV and CMA. It is recommended that this study be complemented with PS loggings in order to verify the estimated profiles.

Stagnate to Extensive： The Design of Capital City Development in Coastal Archipelago Raja Ampat

This discussion of Raja Ampat case, a subdivision of West Papua province, is related to the global warming issue where small islands will be narrowed as a result of sea level rise. Furthermore, it is related to autonomy regulations where each municipality and district has their own policy. The capital of Raja Ampat District in the east of Indonesia is developed from traditional place into central urban area. Raja Ampat, a naturally beautiful island, is located in a remote area famous for its diving spot for foreign tourists, amazing underwater life, bird watching, and to experience a traditional lifestyle with specific tropical fauna and flora. The problem is how to develop a city which needs to be in a stagnant extensive phase but： neither in vertical nor horizontal development to protect forest as conservation area due to limited land area. Identification and design methods used in this research is to develop settlement in Raja Ampat archipelago area which has around 610 large and small islands, atoll, and have 4.860 km shoreline with only 34 islands inhabited. The urban design for this archipelago of 1：6 ratios of land and ocean needs to be different, since it is dominated by water. With the limited land area resources, the development needs to be focused on the ocean area by optimizing land area.

千年冤案初见端倪——读黄光任《永泰公主死因刍议》

一般而论,历代帝王陵的陪葬者多为帝王在世时亲近的王公贵族和文武大臣,然而作为乾陵陪葬者的懿德太子李重润和永泰公主李仙蕙及其夫婿武延基,虽从血缘关系上讲,是陵主人的孙子、孙女和孙女婿。但按史书的记载,他们却正当风华正茂之年,就因'窃议'女皇的面首做了祖母下令杖杀的冤鬼。因而他们的陪葬,似乎成了有意为把女皇武则天钉在荒淫残暴耻辱柱上,而特设的一桩罪恶铁证。如今凡来乾陵参观者,一踏进乾陵博物馆的大门,首先听到的就是讲解员对这桩因议论隐私遭祖母下令杀害的血泪控诉。

Analysis of the Water Environmental Capacity of Zhongba-Nyingchi Section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River

The Yarlung Tsangpo River,the longest river in Tibet,houses most of the population and economy in Tibet Autonomous province.Under the rapid development of economy and society in Tibet,the pollution in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin has rapidly increased.Evaluating water quality and water environmental capacity is needed for water resource management in Tibet.This study used a single factor evaluation method to evaluate water quality of the Zhongba-Nyingchi section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River based on measured data of CODcr, NH3-N and TP in the study area.Based on these data,determinations of ideal water environmental capacity, emissions of pollutants and remaining water environmental capacity of the study area were made by a one-dimensional steady water quality model under either section-head control or cross-section control.The data indicate that most of the monitoring sections in the study area experienced good water quality.The three pollutants all had large remaining water environmental capacity generally,but TP exceeded state levels in the two upstream functional areas,and levels above state standards of CODcr and TP were found in several calculation cells of the two downstream functional areas.Therefore,emissions of pollutants need to be reduced to protect the water environment quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.