也说“必须”的词性

文章以本人提出的“评注性动词”说为背景,重新审视“必须”一词的词性。从语义功能、句法功能等角度,论证传统视为副词的“必须”应该界定为评注性动词。文章还指出,要判断一个词是否为评注性动词,首先应以动词的典型形式特征为标准,在确定了其动词身份后,再通过检视其是否具有评注性动词的形式特征来确定其是否属于这一小类。文章余论部分从国际中文教学的视角简述弄清“必须”之词类归属的必要性。

表主观低量的评注性副词“总得”

文章从语义、句法、语用等维度讨论表主观低量的评注性副词“总得”的用法及功能。“总得”有两种语义,在跨层的“总得”向副词“总得”词汇化的过程中,起关键作用的是“总”由时间副词向语气副词的虚化。“总得”标记焦点项,且该焦点项所指是语用量级序列上最可能或最应该发生的。“总得”句中的谓语为非光杆性的复杂形式。“总得”句与其前后小句呈现多样的话语关联,并且“总得”多位于后续句表达描述事件进展的前景信息。根据语义指向,“总得”句的情态主要为陈情或劝说。“总得”与“必须”在分布与意义上有明显差异。

Preparation of MgO whisker from magnesite tailings and its application

Magnesium carbonate whisker as precursor was prepared from the low-grade magnesite tailings by the route of calcination, hydration, carbonation and thermal decomposition, and then MgO whisker was prepared by calcining the precursor. In addition, the effect of MgO whisker addition on sintering and thermal shock resistance of refractory was also investigated. The results show that the thermal decomposition product is MgCO3·3H2O and its morphology is remarkably influenced by the types of additives, and magnesium carbonate whisker with the length of 10-60 μm and length-diameter ratio of 10-20 is successfully prepared when a type of soluble magnesium salt is added. MgO whisker with the length of 10-40 μm is derived from precursor with the heating rate of 1 ℃/min. The thermal shock resistance of refractory is significantly improved by the addition of MgO whisker due to its effect on binding and preventing crack expanding, and the proper amount of whisker addition is around 3%.

A Systematic Revision of "Barbodes" Fishes in China

The genus Barbodes Bleeker is a catchall group.The species assigned to this genus in China actually belong to at least four distinct genera.After comparing all the Barbodes fishes included in this research to the system used by Rainboth,reassign Barbodes fishes in China as following:①B.baoshanensis,B.benasi and B.heterostomus are assigned to genus Neolissochilus;②B.parvus are assigned as Discherodontus parvus;③B.pierrei in Yunnan is conspecific with B.vernayi and B.vernayi should be assigned to the genus Hypsibarbus as Hypsibarbus vernayi;④the remaining Barbodes fishes,B.fuxianhuensis,B.chonglingchungi,B.margarianus,B.huangchuchieni,B.cogginii (=B.daliensis),B.rhomboides,B.carinatus,B.opisthopterus and B.exiguus are assigned to genus Poropuntius.

Comparison between the Medullary Indexes of Hairs from Apodemus orestes and A.draco,with Discussion about the Taxonomic Status of A.orestes

The taxonomic status of long-tailed field mouse (Apodemus orestes) is still uncertain up to now.Some scholars regarded it as a subspecies or a synonym of dragon field mouse (A.draco),while other scholars considered it a valid species.In the study,five specimens of adult long-tailed field mouse,dragon field mouse and Chevrier's field mouse (A.chevrieri) (as a contrast) were chosen respectively.After treated,with the eyepiece micrometer in the inverted microscope,we made measurements of the widths of hairs and medullas and then calculated the medullary indexes of straight guard hairs from around the mouth,head,back,abdomen and forelimb of each species.The results indicate that,viewing at each of the five parts and the mixture of the five parts,there are no significant differences between A.orestes and A.draco,Significant differences can be found between A.orestes & A.chevrieri and A.draco & A.chevrieri though.The standpoint that A.orestes was listed as a valid species is not supported by this study.

Residual elastic stress strain field and geometrically necessary dislocation density distribution around nano-indentation in TA15 titanium alloy

Nanoindentation and high resolution electron backscatter diffraction（EBSD） were combined to examine the elastic modulus and hardness of α and β phases,anisotropy in residual elastic stress strain fields and distributions of geometrically necessary dislocation（GND） density around the indentations within TA15 titanium alloy.The nano-indention tests were conducted on α and β phases,respectively.The residual stress strain fields surrounding the indentation were calculated through crosscorrelation method from recorded patterns.The GND density distribution around the indentation was calculated based on the strain gradient theories to reveal the micro-mechanism of plastic deformation.The results indicate that the elastic modulus and hardness for α p hase are 129.05 GPas and 6.44 GPa,while for β phase,their values are 109.80 GPa and 4.29 GPa,respectively.The residual Mises stress distribution around the indentation is relatively heterogeneous and significantly influenced by neighboring soft β phase.The region with low residual stress around the indentation is accompanied with markedly high a type and prismatic-GND density.

Morphology and optical properties of tetrapod-like zinc oxide whiskers synthesized via equilibrium gas expanding method

The zinc oxide whiskers were synthesized by the equilibrium gas expanding method at the temperature of 700 C with metallic zinc as the main raw material without any catalysts. The effects of the growth time on microstructure and photoluminescence properties were investigated. The results show that the as-grown samples are composed of uniform tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers. The length and diameter of the arms of the tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers increase obviously with the increase of the growth time. The strong single ultraviolet （UV） emission centering 385-391 nm without any accompanying deep-level emission is observed in the room temperature photoluminescence （PL） spectra of the whiskers. The intensity of UV emission increases markedly with the increase of growth time.

Mechanical properties of tungsten nanowhiskers characterized by nanoindentation

The Mechanical properties of the hexagonal tungsten nanowhiskers, which were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, were characterized by instrumented nanoindentation and atomic force microscope （AFM）. The nanoindentation results show that tungsten nanowhiskers exhibit a hardness of （6.2±1.7） GPa and an elastic modulus of （225±20） GPa. According to the comparative test results, the tungsten nanowhiskers possess a comparable hardness to tungsten microwhiskers, and an hardness increase of 35% to the bulk single-crystal tungsten. The increase in the hardness of whiskers is attributed to the lacking of dislocation avalanche observed in the bulk single-crystal tungsten. The measured modulus is about 80% that of the tungsten microwhiskers, which can be contributed to the size effects of the nanowhiskers and the substrate effects in the nanoindentation test.

Mechanical properties of calcium carbonate whisker-reinforced high-strength cement mortar

In order to improve the brittleness of high-strength cement mortar,calcium carbonate（CaCO3） whiskers are incorporated to strengthen and toughen the high-strength cement mortar.The compressive strength,flexural strength,split tensile strength and work of fracture are measured.Microstructures and micromechanical behaviors are investigated using scanning electron microscopy.The strengthening and toughening mechanisms and the efficiency of whisker-reinforced high-strength cement mortar are discussed.The results show that the addition of CaCO3 whiskers brings positive effects on the high-strength cement mortar.The strengthening and toughening mechanisms are whisker-cement coalition debonding,whisker peeling,whisker impact breakage and whisker bridging.Crack deflection is one efficient mechanism,but it is hard to be achieved in high-strength cement mortar.And the interfacial bonding strength between whiskers and the cement mortar matrix should be appropriately weak to introduce more crack deflection mechanisms to strengthen and toughen the cement mortar efficiently.

Tensile properties and hot extrusion behavior of Zn O-coated Mg_2B_2O_(5w)/6061 Al composites

The 6061 aluminum matrix composites reinforced with ZnO-coated Mg_2B_2O_5w were fabricated by squeeze casting method and followed by extruded under a technical equivalent condition. The mechanical properties and microstructures of the composites were investigated. The results showed that the elastic modulus of the as-cast composites increased straightly with increasing ZnO coating content. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the as-cast composites rapidly increased initially and then declined with increasing ZnO coating content. However, the elongations of all the as-cast composites had similar values. The elongations of the composites were highly enhanced and the ultimate tensile strength of the composite without ZnO coating was the largest after extrusion. A number of whiskers in the composites with ZnO coating were fractured during the extrusion process, but the whiskers＇ breakage extent was limited with the increase of coating content.

“须”的语法化

动词"须"经历了"助动词-副词-连词"的语法化历程。在"须"的语法化过程中,句法、语义、语用等因素均起着重要作用。从动词"须"到助动词"须",演变机制主要是扩展,表现为句法结构的复杂化、名词和动词的次类变换;助动词"须"继续语法化的动因是回溯推理以及语义预设。就语义模式而言,"须"是沿着"道义-认识"的路径发展的。

Three New Species of the Anthomyiidae from Yunnan Province,China(Diptera:Anthomyiidae)

The present paper deals with three new species of the genera Phorbia,Pegoplata and Pegomya from Yunnan Province,China,namely Phorbia fani sp nov , Pegoplata lengshanensis sp nov.and Pegomya yunnanensis sp nov.All the type specimens are deposited in Institute of Entomology,Shenyang Normal University,Shenyang.

Study on the Morphological Differences of Four Carp Populations

[Objective] The aim was to discuss the morphological differences of four carp populations.[Method] Based on traditional morphological data（including countable and measurable characters） and framework data,the morphological differences and phylogenesis of Yellow River carp population（YR）,wild four-naris carp population（WF）,farmed four-naris carp population（FF） and carp population from Suzhou section of Wusong River（WR） were studied by means of multivariate analysis.[Result] There was no significant difference（P〉0.05） in countable characters among four carp populations.Discriminant analysis showed the discriminating accuracy of YR,WF,FF and WR population were 87.5%,78.1%,73.5% and 96.8% respectively,and the synthetic discriminating accuracy of four populations was up to 83.7%.In addition,cluster analysis revealed that YR population and WF population clustered together,while FF population and WR population clustered together.Principal component analysis indicated that the morphological differences among four populations mainly came from the head,tail and vertical axis of fish.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundations for the purification and rejuvenation of rare four-naris carp.

A New Species of Aphonoides Chopard (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Eneopteridae) from China

This paper describes a new species, Aphonoides wuyiensis Yin, sp. nov. collected from Fujian Province, China. A key to Chinese species is also given. The type specimens are deposited in Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Comparison of Phycobiliproteins from Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyceae) and Its Pigment Mutants in Spectral and Molecular Respects

Comparative studies of absorption spectra of phycobiliproteins of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Greville and its pigmental mutants were conducted in this study. The results showed that the absorption spectra of phycoerythrins ( PE) from different material changed significantly, while those of phycocyanins (PC) and allophycocyanins (APC) were basically similar. In order to disclose the essence of die difference, partial sequences of die subunit genes of PE of Qingdao strain of G. lemaneiformis (qd) and its pigmental mutants were determined. The amino acid sequences were deduced and used to explain spectral shifts of PE from the pigmental mutants. The amino acid sequences of PE resembled each other, and several residues changed among qd and its pigmental mutants. Residue substitutions were found in a region consisting of amino acids which determined are secondary structure and subunits interactions, thus might influence the confirmation and interaction of subunits, and further caused spectral deviation.

构建多层次“医养结合”养老保障体系的路径选择

为了应对老龄化带来的社会问题,从2013年至2018年,中国先后出台了近30个重要文件鼓励'医养结合'养老事业的发展;党的十九大报告、2018年政府工作报告也提出'推进医养结合'。2019年政府工作报告提出'建立多层次养老保障体系'。该项事业的推进,应坚持普惠性、需要优先及分类分层原则。按老人身体健康状况和养老方式的不同,将老人分为六类;按照提供'医养结合'养老资源的主体不同,把'医养结合'养老资源分为四个层次;进而把不同类别老人和不同层次社会养老资源进行优化配置,建立普惠制、多层次的'医养结合'养老保障体系。

Fractal analysis of fracture surfaces in aluminum borate whisker-reinforced aluminum alloy 6061 composite

The effect of interface reaction on the fractal dimensions of fracture surface in aluminum borate whisker-reinforced aluminum alloy 6061 composite was investigated. The composite was fabricated by squeeze-casting technique. The fracture surfaces created in tensile test were measured by vertical sectioning method. Fractal phenomena were found in two plots, in which the measuring units were from 3 to 15 μm and 1 to 5 μm, respectively. The relation was established between the tensile properties and fractal dimension with measuring units of 3-15 μm. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength increases while the fracture surface roughness increases with fractal dimension increasing due to the change in fracture mode depending on the degree of interface reaction status induced by heat treatment. But when the measuring units are 1-5 μm, fractal dimension does not change with heat treatment.

Microstructural aspects of in-situ TiB reinforced Ti-6Al-4V composite processed by spark plasma sintering

Titanium-matrix composites have important and wide applications in the transport and aerospace industries. The current research was focused on powder metallurgy processing of in-situ reinforced titanium-matrix composite with Ti B whiskers. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy and B4 C additive powders were used as raw materials. Two different consolidation techniques, namely press-and-sintering and spark plasma sintering, were selected. It was observed that in-situ Ti B whiskers were formed during sintering in both methods. The changes in size, aspect ratio and distribution of in-situ whiskers in different composite samples were monitored. The effect of spark plasma sintering temperature on the synthesis of in-situ whiskers was also investigated. Based on the microstructural observations（optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy） and the energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, it was concluded that increasing the spark plasma sintering temperature from 900 to 1100 °C would lead to the complete formation of in-situ Ti B whiskers and reduced porosity content.

Optimization of conditions for tetraspore release and assessment of photosynthetic activities for different generation branches of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory

Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory is an economically important alga that is primarily used for agar production.Although tetraspores are ideal seeds for the cultivation of G.lemaneiformis,the most popular culture method is currently based on vegetative fragments,which is labor-intensive and time-consuming.In this study,we optimized the conditions for tetraspore release and evaluated the photosynthetic activities of different colonies formed from the branches of G.lemaneiformis using a PAM(pulse-amplitude-modulated) measuring system.The results showed that variations in temperature and salinityhad significant effects on tetraspore yield.However,variations in the photon flux density(from 15 μmol m-2 s-1 to 480 μmol m-2 s-1) had no apparent effect on tetraspore yield.Moreover,the PAM-parameters Y(I),Y(Ⅱ),ETR(I),ETR(Ⅱ) and Fv/Fm of colonies formed from different branches showed the same trend:parameter values of first generation branches>second generation branches>third generation branches.These results suggest that the photosynthetic activities of different colonies of branches changed with the same trend.Furthermore,photosynthesis in G.lemaneiformis was found to be involved in vegetative reproduction and tetraspore formation.Finally,the first generation branches grew slowly,but accumulated organic compounds to form large numbers of tetraspores.Taken together,these results showed that the first generation branches are ideal materials for the release of tetraspores.

Preparation of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers with high aspect ratios in presence of a minor amount of CuCl_2·2H_2O

In order to produceα-calcium sulfate hemihydrate(α-CaSO4·0.5H2O)whiskers with high aspect ratios,a minor amount of CuCl2·2H2O was used as the modifying agent in the process of hydrothermal treatment of calcium sulfate dihydrate(CaSO4·2H2O)precursor.The presence of 2.60×10–3 mol/L CuCl2·2H2O resulted in the increase of the aspect ratios ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers from 81 to 253.The preferential adsorption of Cu2+on the negative{110}and{100}facets ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O crystal structures was confirmed by EDS and XPS.And ATR-FTIR demonstrated the ligand adsorption of Cu2+on the surface ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers.The experimental results reveal that the whiskers with high aspect ratios are attributed to the adsorption of Cu2+,which promotes the 1-D growth ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers along the c axis.