Pharmacokinetics of 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 in Human Volunteers

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetics of 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 in the human body. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method was used in this study. Results: The pharmacokinetics of Ginsenoside Rg3 in 14 healthy volunteers were investigated. After a single oral dose of 3.2 mg.g-1 Ginsenoside Rg3 in 8 male volunteers, the plasma concentration-time course fitted in well with a two-compartment open model, with the following pharmacokinetic parameters: Tmax 0.660.10 h, Cmax 166 ngmL-1, T1/2a 0.460.12 h, T1/2b 4.91.1 h, T1/2(Ka) 0.280.04 h, AUC0-∞ 7726 ngmL-1h, respectively. No kinetic analysis was made after an oral dose of 0.8 mg.g-1 Rg3 in other 6 volunteers because of the low concentration, but there was a good correlation between Cmax and dosage of the two groups. Conclusion: The absorption of Rg3 was rapid in the human body, and its elimination was rapid too after oral administration of Ginsenoside Rg3. The pharmacokinetic results shows that it exhibited the first-order kinetic characteristics.

依自不依他,求是致用相資

理解和發展'新子學',首先要釐清經學和子學的關係。一般理解的經學、子學完全對立,這是不符合事實的。章太炎先生曰:'老聃、仲尼而上,學皆在官。老聃、仲尼而下,學皆在家人。'可謂一語道破中國學術演進的關鍵。東周以降,此貴族封建之制逐漸崩壞,官學亦因而衰替。孔子創辦私家學校,將古代王官之學傳授於任何願學者,民間私學於是代興。百家言興起,原有的王官學並未歇絶,如錢賓四所指出,戰國時期,王官學與百家言並立於學官。

Analysis of gender＇s role on voluntary tendency of potential/active volunteers via logistic regression modeling： The case of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University

From economy to political administrations, education to health, environment to human rights, many problems we met have gained a global importance in recent days. Existing state systems, political parties and nation states are not adequate for solving these problems in question effectively on their own. Not only governments and local authorities but also voluntary organizations based on completely voluntary activities have significant roles in solving these problems. Effective performance of voluntary organizations depends on increasing volunteer population. Individuals＇ attitudes or their perception of understanding volunteerism play an important role in their contributions to voluntary organizations. The aim of this study is to determine individuals＇ ways of perceiving volunteerism concept and their tendency towards it. Furthermore, differences between men and women＇s perception and attitudes towards volunteerism concept have been examined. For this purpose, a survey has been conducted over university students of bachelor＇s degree. Tendencies and attitudes towards volunteerism compared to gender differences have been tested via logistic regression method. Research results reveal that women take part in voluntary activities more than men and women perceive volunteerism as ＂a political position＂ while men perceive volunteerism as ＂a learning atmosphere and learning process＂.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF PARACETAMOL ORALLY DISINTEGRATING AND GENERAL TABLETS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Objective To compare the pharmacokinetics and relative biological availability of Paracetatool orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets in healthy volunteers. Methods In a random two periods crossover study, 19 healthy male Chinses volunteers received a single dose of Paracetamol 500mg of two formularies respectively. The plasma concentration of paracetamol was determined by HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two preparation and the relative biological availability of Paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets were caculated with statistical analysis. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets were （ 31436. 70 ± 7062. 80 μg · h^ -1· L^-1 and （29871.40 ± 7965.04） μg · h^ -1· L^-1 for AUC0-1 （33295. 7 ±7663. 10） μg · h^ -1· L^-1 and（31845. 20 ± 8830. 83 ） μg · h^ -1· L^-1 forAUC0-1（9. 71 ±2. 78） μg/ml and（10. 36 ±3. 86） μg/mlfor Cmax; （0. 82 ±0. 45）h and （0. 74± 0.67）hforTmax;（2.90±0. 42）h and （3. 13 ±0. 67）h for T1/2ke;（0.24 ±0.04） and （0.23 ±0.04） for Ke; （4. 1481±0. 4492 ） and （4. 0771 ±0. 8131 ） for mean residence time （ MRT） , respectively. Variance analysis showed that there was significant difference in AUC0-12 and Cmax between the two preparations. Conclusion The paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets are bioequivalent and the relative biological availability of Paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets is （ 108 ± 19） %.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF MAGNESIUM ISOGLYCYRRHI-ZINATE AFTER SINGLE INTRAVENOUS DOSE IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Objective To study the pharmacokinetics of intravenous magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection in health volunteers with HPLC-UV. Methods Single doses of 2OOmg magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate were administrated to 10 health volunteers by i. v. infusion. The concentrations of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate in plasma were assayed by HPLC-UV method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection were calculated by program 3P87. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenous magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate were as follows： cmax （ 67. 58 ± 8. 84 ） mg/L, T1/2α （ 1.46 ± 0. 35 ） h, T1/2β （ 23. 95 ± 4. 72 ） h, Vd （ 2. 921 ± 0. 382） L, CL （0. 186 ±0. 048） L/h,k10（0. 064 ±0. 016） h^-1, AUC0-T（1015.29 ±225. 14） mg·h^-1·L^-1 ,respectively. Conclusion We have successfully used the analytical method for magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate to study its pharmacokinetical properties of health volunteers after i. v. infusion. The method is found to be simple, accurate, stable and sensitive for application in clinical pharmacokinetics study. The concentration-time plot was fitted to a two-compartment open model with first-order elimination.

Effect of CYP3A4*18 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of zolpidem in healthy Chinese Hui subjects

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of CYP3A4＊ 18 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of zolpidem in healthy Chinese Hui volunteers. Blood samples were collected from volunteers for CYP3A4 genotyping using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） assay. A pharmacokinetic study was then carried out in three groups with CYP3A4＊1/＊1 （n = 6）, CYP3A4＊1/＊18 （n = 6） and CYP3A4＊18/＊18 （n = 6） genotypes. Plasma levels of zolpidem were determined by HPLC-FLD method before and after a single oral dose of 10 mg zolpidem tartrate tablet. Significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of zolpidem among the three genotype groups （P〈0.05）. Compared with the CYP3A4＊1/＊1 group, the Cm,x of zolpidem in ＊1/＊18 and ＊18/＊18 groups （mean, 95% CI） was 0.89 （0.65-1.12） and 0.57 （0.47-0.66）, respectively, and the AUC0-1 in the ＊1/＊18 and ＊18/＊18 groups （mean, 95% CI） was 0.74 （0.22-1.26） and 0.61 （0.24-0.98）, respectively. There was a significant trend towards lower Cmax and AUC0-1 values of zolpidem in individuals with more CYP3A＊ 18 alleles, suggesting a gene-dosage effect. The study demonstrated that the CYP3A4＊ 18 allele played an important role in the pharmacokinetics of the zolpidem after oral administration.

Investigating the effects of moxibustion on serum metabolism in healthy human body based on the ~1 H NMR metabolomics technology

Objective： To investigate the effects of moxibustion on the serum metabolism in healthy human body based on the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance （1H NMR） metabolomics technology, and to find the differences in metabolites, as well as to elucidate the effects of moxibustion on healthy human body from the viewpoint of global metabolism. Methods： Sixty subjects of healthy young men from the enrolled students were randomly divided into a moxibustion group and a control group using random number table, with 30 cases in each group. Subjects in the moxibustion group accepted mild moxibustion on the right Zusanli （ST 36）, once a day, 15 min for each time, and continuous treatment for 10 d; those in the control group did not receive any intervention. There were 28 cases in the moxibustion group and 23 cases in the control group after interventions. On the 2st day, 5th day and lOth day of the intervention, serum samples were collected from subjects of the two groups, and metabolic spectra were obtained by the 1H NMR technology. Results： Before and after the intervention, serum 1H NMR of the moxibustion group was significantly different, while the difference was insignificant in the control group. Metabolite changes in the moxibustion group were mainly in low density lipoprotein （LDL）/very low density lipoprotein （VLDL）, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lactic acid, glutamine, citric acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, creatine, glycine, glycerol, glucose, tyrosine, histidine, formic acid, alanine, lysine, acetic acid, and glutamic acid. Conclusion： Moxibustion can cause changes of serum metabolic patterns in healthy human by influencing the concentrations of branched-chain amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolites to strengthen body＇s metabolisms of amino acids and fatty acid.