浅析钢筋预算量和钢筋翻样量的差异

针对钢筋预算量和钢筋翻样量相差悬殊的普遍现象,从计算依据、精度、人员素质差异等方面进行了论述,以提高计算钢筋量的精度,从而确保工程造价的合理性。

关于建筑工程概预算量的具体分析

预算量是建筑工程预算管理中的重要指标,其对工程预算管理起着指导性的作用,所以我们有必要对此进行认真的研究和分析,以此促进建筑工程的发展。本文从建筑工程概预算量的重要性出发,论述了影响概预算量的主要因素,并详细的分析了建筑工程概预算量控制的主要措施。

从经营企业到经营土地:中国的自由裁量预算与经济增长

在外在激励环境下追求自由裁量预算的内在激励,使地方政府及其官员积极采取发展本地经济的集体行动,从而推动了中国持续30多年的经济高速增长。改革开放至1994年分税制改革前,地方政府以经营企业为主获取自由裁量预算。分税制改革至今,地方政府以经营土地为主获取自由裁量预算。与作为外在激励的集权—分权框架的调整与晋升激励方式的改变相比,自由裁量预算的来源及结构的调整,更能对地方政府的经济行为产生实质性影响。

基于相关向量机的电站锅炉NO_x燃烧优化

为了降低电站锅炉NOx排放量,采用一种新的机器学习方法——相关向量机对某330 MW煤粉汽包锅炉的一、二次风速以及含氧量等26个输入参数和NOx输出结果进行建模,并用万有引力算法对模型的参数进行优化,获得最优模型。与粒子群算法、遗传算法优化相关向量机以及万有引力算法优化支持向量机等进行了比较,选择锅炉输入参数中的可调变量为优化变量,以NOx低排放量为目标进行优化,获得低NOx排放的输入参数。结果证明：万有引力优化相关向量机算法建立的模型精确度比其它几种算法高,对模型进行低NOx优化后,NOx输出值由最初的的906.65 mg/m3变为550.600 mg/m3,下降幅度约为38.9%,实现了NOx排放量大幅度降低。

我国公共预算超收问题分析

本文分析了我国公共预算超收现象常态化趋势及超收规模不断扩大的现状,并在此基础上对中央与地方政府的预算超收问题进行了比较研究。针对预算超过导致的预算约束力下降,以及超收向超支转化的问题,本文认为我国预算超收问题与发达国家相比具有特殊性,长期来看还要从公共预算制度的建设上着手治理。

房地产开发企业会计中两个具体问题的处理

一、预售商品房纳税业务的账务处理 按照<中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例实施细则>第二十八条规定:"纳税人转让土地使用权或销售不动产采用预收款方式的,其纳税义务发生时间为收到预收款的当天".按此规定,房地产经营企业期末除按经营收入计算纳税外,还应按预收账款的余额计算纳税.

STUDY ON ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FORECASTING METHOD OF WATER CONSUMPTION PER HOUR

An artificial neural network (ANN) short term forecasting model of consumption per hour was built based on seasonality,trend and randomness of a city period of time water consumption series.Different hidden layer nodes,same inputs and forecasting data were selected to train and forecast and then the relative errors were compared so as to confirm the NN structure.A model was set up and used to forecast concretely by Matlab.It is tested by examples and compared with the result of time series trigonometric function analytical method.The result indicates that the prediction errors of NN are small and the velocity of forecasting is fast.It can completely meet the actual needs of the control and run of the water supply system.

Research on a non-linear chaotic prediction model for urban traffic flow

In order to solve serious urban transport problems, according to the proved chaotic characteristic of traffic flow, a non linear chaotic model to analyze the time series of traffic flow is proposed. This model reconstructs the time series of traffic flow in the phase space firstly, and the correlative information in the traffic flow is extracted richly, on the basis of it, a predicted equation for the reconstructed information is established by using chaotic theory, and for the purpose of obtaining the optimal predicted results, recognition and optimization to the model parameters are done by using genetic algorithm. Practical prediction research of urban traffic flow shows that this model has famous predicted precision, and it can provide exact reference for urban traffic programming and control.

Glacier Changes during the Past 40 Years in the West Kunlun Shan

Recent studies on glaciers in the West Kunlun Shan, northwest Tibetan Plateau, have shown that they may be stable or retreating slightly. Here, we assess changes in the mass of the glaciers in the West Kunlun Shan(WKS) in an attempt to understand the processes that control their behavior. Glaciers over the recent 40 years(1970-2010) have shrunk 3.4±3.1%in area, based on a comparison between two Chinese glacier inventories. Variations of surface elevations, derived from ICESat-GLAS(Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) elevation products(GLA14 data) using the robust linear-fit method, indicate that the glaciers have been gaining mass at a rate of 0.23±0.24 m w.e./a since 2003. The annual mass budget for the whole WKS range from 2003 to 2009 is estimated to be 0.71±0.62 Gt/a. This gain trend is confirmed by MOD10A1 albedo for the WKS region which shows a descent of the mean snowline altitude from 2003 to 2009.

Study on the Evolution of a Northeast China Cold Vortex during the Spring of 2010

Based on the final analysis data with horizontal resolution of 1°× 1°(four times a day) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP), a typical Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV) during the spring of 2010 was examined with the quasi-Lagrange- form eddy flux circulation(EFC) budget equation. Results indicated that the mechanisms that account for the development, maintenance, and attenuation of the cyclone varied with levels and stages. Displacement of the cyclone and transports by background environmental circulations dominated the variation of the cyclone in the middle and upper levels, whereas displacement and divergence associated with the cyclone dominated the evolution of the NCCV in the middle and lower levels. Moreover, interactions between the NCCV and other subsynoptic weather systems were important for the development of the cyclone, and the pattern of background environmental circulations was also important for the evolution of the NCCV, since the cyclone enhanced(weakened) as it moved from areas of low(high) vorticity to high(low) ones.

Effect of copper on the growth of shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei : water parameters and copper budget in a recirculating system

Shrimps( Litopenaeus vannamei) were intensively cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system for 98 days to investigate effects of 0.3 mg/L Cu on its performance, Cu budget, and Cu distribution. Shrimps in Cu-treated systems had greater mean final weight(11.10 vs 10.50 g), body length(107.23 vs 106.42 mm), survival rate(67.80% vs 66.40%), and yield(6.42 vs 5.99 kg/m 3), and lower feed conversion ratio(1.20 vs 1.29) than those in control systems but the differences were not significant. Vibrio numbers remained stable(10 4 –10 6 colony forming units/mL) in the rearing tanks of both control and treated systems. Total ammonium-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, pH, chemical oxygen demand, 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids were similar in controls and treatments. Dissolved Cu concentration in the treated systems decreased from 0.284 to 0.089 mg/L while in the control systems it increased from 0.006 2 to 0.018 mg/L. The main sources of Cu in the treated systems were the artificially added component(75.7% of total input), shrimp feed(21.0%), water(2.06%), and shrimp biomass(1.22%). The major outputs of Cu occurred via the mechanical filter(41.7%), water renewal(15.6%), and draining of the sediment trap(15.1%). The foam fractionator removed only 0.69% of total Cu input. Harvested shrimp biomass accounted for 11.68% of Cu input. The Cu concentration of shrimps in the Cu-treated systems(30.70 mg/kg wet weight) was significantly higher than that in control systems(22.02 mg/kg). Both were below the maximum permissible concentration(50 mg/kg) for Cu in seafood for human consumption in China. Therefore, recirculating systems can be used for commercial on-growing of Litopenaeus vannamei without loss of shrimp quality, even in water polluted by 0.30 mg/L Cu. The mechanical filter is the main route for Cu removal.

Risk Management： A New Project Management Perspective

Risk management in Botswana has been very ineffective at assisting projects to be on time, on budget, and meeting client＇s/buyer＇s expectations. Traditional risk management attempts to manage, control, and direct a project through various phases, from planning and design, through procurement, and to construction. However, the risk management in Botswana seems to be either not implemented or not successful. The project performance in Botswana has a poor performance record. The researchers are attempting to identify why the traditional project/risk management is not working. In analyzing the problem in Botswana, the researchers discovered that the traditional risk management model was theoretically unsound, and designed a new project and risk model, with an entirely different approach to risk. The new model is an outgrowth of the highly successful Performance Information Procurement System （PIPS） and the Information Measurement Theory （IMT）/Kashiwagi Solution Model （KSM） concepts. The approach has been presented to some Botswana clients and academics and has received a favorable response. The development of the new risk model will lead to a huge change in the paradigm for delivering projects in Botswana. The theoretical development of the new risk model is ongoing at the University of Botswana as a part of a doctoral dissertation.

Effects of Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Biomass on CO2 Budget in Phragmites australis Wetland of Jiaozhou Bay,China

Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.

Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Pre-Summer Heavy Rainfall Budget:A Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study

This study investigates the effects of vertical wind shear on the torrential rainfall response to the large-scale forcing using a rainfall separation analysis of a pair of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments for a pre-summer heavy rainfall event over southern China from 3-8 June 2008 coupled with National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System(GDAS) data.The rainfall partitioning analysis based on the surface rainfall budget indicates that the exclusion of vertical wind shear decreases the contribution to total rainfall from the largest contributor,which is the rainfall associated with local atmospheric drying,water vapor divergence,and hydrometeor loss/convergence,through the reduction of the rainfall area and reduced rainfall during the rainfall event.The removal of vertical wind shear increases the contribution to total rainfall from the rainfall associated with local atmospheric drying,water vapor convergence,and hydrometeor loss/convergence through the expansion of the rainfall area and enhanced rainfall.The elimination of vertical wind shear enhances heavy rainfall and expands its area,whereas it reduces moderate rainfall and its area.

A WD-GA-LSSVM model for rainfall-triggered landslide displacement prediction

This paper proposes a WD-GA-LSSVM model for predicting the displacement of a deepseated landslide triggered by seasonal rainfall,in which wavelet denoising(WD)is used in displacement time series of landslide to eliminate the GPS observation noise in the original data,and genetic algorithm(GA)is applied to obtain optimal parameters of least squares support vector machines(LSSVM)model.The model is first trained and then evaluated by using data from a gentle dipping(~2°-5°)landslide triggered by seasonal rainfall in the southwest of China.Performance comparisons of WD-GA-LSSVM model with Back Propagation Neural Network(BPNN)model and LSSVM are presented,individually.The results indicate that the adoption of WD-GA-LSSVM model significantly improves the robustness and accuracy of the displacement prediction and it provides a powerful technique for predicting the displacement of a rainfall-triggered landslide.

Implementation of Efficient Burst Assembly Algorithm with Traffic Prediction

This paper reports on the implementation of efficient burst assembly algorithms and traffic prediction. The ultimate goal is to propose a new burst assembly algorithm which is based on time-burst length （hybrid） threshold with traffic prediction to reduce burst assembly delay in OBS （Optical Burst Switching） networks. Research has shown that traffic always change from time to time, hence, any measure that is put in place should be able to adapt to such changes. With our implemented burst assembly algorithm, the traffic rate is predicted and the predicted rate is used to dynamically adjust the burst assembly length. This work further investigates the impact of the proposed algorithm on traffic self similarity.

Long-term settlement prediction of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation

The process and characteristics of loading on high-speed railway bridge pile foundation were firstly obtained by means of field research and analysis,and the corresponding loading function was presented.One-dimensional consolidation equation of elastic multilayered soils was then established with single drainage or double drainages under multilevel loading.Moreover,the formulas for calculating effective stress and settlement were derived from the Laplace numerical inversion transform.The three-dimensional composite analysis method of bridge pile group was improved,where the actual load conditions of pile foundation could be simulated,and the consolidation characteristics of soil layers beneath pile were also taken into account.Eventually,a corresponding program named LTPGS was developed to improve the calculation efficiency.The comparison between long-term settlement obtained from the proposed method and the in-situ measurements of pile foundation was illustrated,and a close agreement is obtained.The error between computed and measured results is less than 1 mm,and it gradually reduces with time.It is shown that the proposed method can effectively simulate the long-term settlement of pile foundation and program LTPGS can provide a reliable estimation.

CFD Prediction of Mean Flow Field and Impeller Capacity for Pitched Blade Turbine

This work focused on exploring a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method to predict the macromixing characteristics including the mean flow field and impeller capacity for a 45° down-pumping pitched blade turbine(PBT)in stirred tanks. Firstly, the three typical mean flow fields were investigated by virtue of three components of liquid velocity. Then the effects of impeller diameter(D)and off-bottom clearance(C)on both the mean flow field and three global macro-mixing parameters concerning impeller capacity were studied in detail. The changes of flow patterns with increasing C/D were predicted from these effects. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results in published literature.

MULTI-RESOLUTION MOTION ESTIMATION AND COMPENSATION BASED ON ADJACENT PREDICTION OF FRAME DIFFERENCE IN WAVELET DOMAIN

Aiming at the higher bit-rate occupation of motion vector encoding and more time load of full-searching strategies, a multi-resolution motion estimation and compensation algorithm based on adjacent prediction of frame difference was proposed.Differential motion detection was employed to image sequences and proper threshold was adopted to identify the connected region.Then the motion region was extracted to carry out motion estimation and motion compensation on it.The experiment results show that the encoding efficiency of motion vector is promoted, the complexity of motion estimation is reduced and the quality of the reconstruction image at the same bit-rate as Multi-Resolution Motion Estimation(MRME) is improved.

PRELIMINARY PROGRAMMED WHOLE-BODY COUNTER

It is capable of giving the initial intakes of radionuclides and the assessment quantities used in radiation protection according to its measured results of radionuclides in vivo. It is accomplished by providing the software of controlling, interface and internal dose estimation programs to the original iron cabin shielding whole-body counter. The preliminary application shows that its data processing is rapid and correct, and can meet the requirement of rapid internal radioactive contamination monitoring and diagnosing in case of lots of internal contamination subjects happened innuclear accident.