腹腔镜手术的院内感染控制

目的:规范腹腔镜手术器械的清洗、消毒灭菌流程,防止院内感染。方法:培训护士正确清洗、消毒灭菌、质控标准。结果:消毒灭菌合格率100%。结论:控制腹腔镜器械清洗质量、适宜的灭菌方式、正确的灭菌效果监测是防止院内感染的保证。

Healon在预防青光眼小梁切除术后浅前房的护理

目的:探讨Healon在青光眼小梁切除术中的应用效果及护理。方法:回顾分析了43例43眼青光眼小梁切除术中应用Healon后的术后效果。结果:浅度2例,占4.65%;浅度1例,占2.33%;无浅度发生。、型滤过泡占90.69%;术后1 d出现一过性高眼压9例,占20.93%。结论:粘弹剂应用于青光眼小梁切除术,降低术后浅前房。建立良好的护患关系,对术后起到积极的促进作用。

入户式宣传对涂阳肺结核病人发现的影响分析

目的在农村通过开展人户式的结核病防治知识宣传活动，普及群众结防知识、改变其就医行为。从而提高涂阳肺结核病人发现。方法在选定的区域内开展为期1个月的以结核病防治核心信息知识为主要宣传内容的面对面式宣传活动，活动结柬后陆续统计2个月的结防门诊病人就诊人数和病人发现人数，并与上年同期比较。结果200（3年11～12月2个月内活动性肺结核和涂阳肺结核分别为728例和480例，分别比往年同期病人发现提高了17％倍和19％，涂阳肺结核登记率分别是12．28／10万和10．31／10万，涂阳登记率有显著性差异（p〈0．01）。结论人户式宣传能明显提高结防门诊涂阳肺结核病人发现水平。

安徽省新发涂阳患者现况分析

目的为了解安徽省新发涂阳肺结核患者的现况特征。方法选取我省50个县,收集2003年10月至2005年9月新发涂阳肺结核患者的一般情况,用Epi.data3.0软件进行数据录入,用Epi.info5.0软件进行分析。结果16407份新发涂阳患者中,男性多于女性,患者随年龄增加患者数有所上升,女性在15～44岁有就诊高峰;78.6%的患者在农村;至结核病控制门诊的患者以就诊和转诊为主要途经;山区患者延误时间较长。结论农村是我省结核病控制工作的重点,青壮年是结核病控制和宣传工作的重点人群,皖南山区和大别山区是加强健康促进和健康教育的重点地区。

六安市2003-2010年新发涂阳病人现状分析

目的:了解六安市近年来结核病的发病与控制情况,为今后的结核病防治提科学依据。方法:对2003～2010年六安市五县三区结核病月报、季报/年报表和网报等资料进行分析。结果:2003～2010年,全市初诊者66460人,确诊涂阳病例20519人,其中新发涂阳病人17878人,随着年份的增加涂阳病人和新发涂阳病人的检出率有递增的趋势,平均登记率自2005年全面实施DOTS后逐年缓慢下降;男女之比为2.77:1(13130/4748),8年间新发涂阳肺结核的年龄构成呈现出较为一致的变化趋势,整体呈负偏态分布:在0～65岁各年龄组间呈总体上升趋势,35～65岁为高发病年龄段,在55～65岁年龄组达最高峰,以后呈直线急速下降;新发涂阳病人强化期治疗后2月末、3月末痰菌阴转率逐年不断提高,新发涂阳病人8年平均治愈率90.93%。结论:对六安市常住人口肺结核病人实施DOTS管理策略是可行和有效的。但是新发涂阳肺结核发病率下降缓慢,55～65岁为发病数较多人群,今后应引起高度关注。

262例初治肺结核病患者不同年龄组耐药性分析

目的了解初治肺结核病患者不同年龄组的耐药情况,为结核病防治对策的制订提供依据。方法收集在结核病防治门诊登记的肺结核新病例的痰标本,经涂片镜检、分离培养阳性的菌株进行菌型鉴定及对一线抗结核药物(INH、RFP、SM和EMB)敏感性测定。结果 262例初治涂阳肺结核病患者,总耐药率为19.85%。其中,总耐单药率为11.45%,多耐药为3.05%,耐多药率为5.34%。不同年龄组耐药率、耐多药率之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论初治肺结核病患者单耐药和耐多药疫情较高,应加强对初治肺结核病患者的治疗督导管理。建议提高对初治肺结核病患者的早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗,对于提高患者治愈率及减少耐药的发生和扩散至关重要。

The Research Status and Enlightenment of Foreign Foodborne Disease Prevention and Control

Foodborne disease is a worldwide il ness and over 1 bil ion people get diseased every year. In China, thousands of foodborne diseases occur every year. It is proved that prevention is the most crucial for control ing foodborne disease. In the research, food safety monitoring system, laws and early warning system in the US and EU were introduced to explore the successful experience and monitoring or control mode suitable for China.

Comparison of RFFIT Tests with Different Standard Sera and Testing Procedures

The World Health Organization （WHO） standard assay for determining antibody level is the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test （RFFIT） and is used to determine the degree of immunity after vaccination against rabies. To compare the difference in RFFIT results between the laboratories of The National Institute of Infectious Disease in Japan （NIID） and the Chinese Centre for Disease Control （CCDC） as well the influence of the choice of standard serum （STD） for the detection, the two laboratories detection methods were simultaneously manipulated by RFFIT. The reference serums used in NIID and the WHO standard serum used in CCDC were compared in the same RFFIT detection to determine the titer of four sera samples C1, Sl, S2 and S4 in parallel, and the titers of the detected sera samples were calculated using the standard formula for neutralizing antibody titer. No significant difference was found in RFFIT methods from the two laboratories and the RFFIT testing procedures of the two laboratories have good consistency. However, different titers were obtained with the tentative internal standard serum （TI-STD） produced by adjusting to 2.0 IU of WHO standard serum in NIID and the WHO STD. The titer determined with the TI-STD was higher than that determined with WHO STD, This difference appears to be significant and requires further investigation

False Human Immunodeficiency Virus Test Results Associated with Rheumatoid Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective To investigate if immunological factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis(RA) affect the result of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) screening by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay(ECLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Methods 100 RA cases were enrolled from January 2012 to February 2013 into this study. HIV screening was conducted with ECLIA detecting both HIV-1 p24 antigen, HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, with ELISA and colloidal gold method detecting HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. The samples producing positive results were submitted to the Center for Disease Control for confirmation using Western blotting method. The antibody titers of rheumatoid factors(RF) including RF-IgG, RF-IgM, RF-IgA, and CCP-IgG were analyzed by ELISA. Results The HIV positive-rate determined by ECLIA was significantly higher than that by ELISA and colloidal gold method(P<0.01). The false-positive rate of HIV screening was associated with antibody titers of RF-IgG, RF-IgM, RF-IgA, and CCP-IgG in RA(P<0.01). Conclusion Immunological factors, including RF and anti-CCP antibody, may influence the screening of HIV by ECLIA, producing false-positive result.

Time Series Models for Short Term Prediction of the Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in Xianyang City, P R China

Objective To construct a model of Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average （SARIMA） for forecasting the epidemic of Japanese encephalitis （JE） in Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, and provide valuable reference information for JE control and prevention. Methods Theoretically epidemiologic study was employed in the research process. Monthly incidence data on JE for the period from Jan 2005 to Sep 2014 were obtained from a passive surveillance system at the Center for Diseases Prevention and Control in Xianyang, Shaanxi province. An optimal SARIMA model was developed for JE incidence from 2005 to 2013 with the Box and Jenkins approach. This SARIMA model could predict JE incidence for the year 2014 and 2015. Results SARIMA （1, 1, 1） （2, 1, 1）12 was considered to be the best model with the lowest Bayesian information criterion, Akaike information criterion, Mean Absolute Error values, the highest R2, and a lower Mean Absolute Percent Error. SARIMA （1, 1, 1） （2, 1, 1）12 was stationary and accurate for predicting JE incidence in Xianyang. The predicted incidence, around 0.3/100 000 from June to August in 2014 with low errors, was higher compared with the actual incidence. Therefore, SARIMA （1, 1, 1） （2, 1, 1）12 appeared to be reliable and accurate and could be applied to incidence prediction. Conclusions The proposed prediction model could provide clues to early identification of the JE incidence that is increased abnormally （≥0.4/100 000）. According to the predicted results in 2014, the JE incidence in Xianyang will decline slightly and reach its peak from June to August.The authors wish to thank the staff from the CDCs from 13 counties of Xianyang, Shaanxi province, China, for their contribution to Japanese encephalitis cases reporting.

Occurrence, predication, and control of coal burst events in the U.S.

Coal burst represented a major hazard for some U.S. mining operations. This paper provides an historical review of the coal burst hazards,identifies the fundamental geological factors associated with these events,and discusses mechanisms that can be used to avoid their occurrences. Coal burst are not common in most underground mines. Their occurrence almost always has such dramatic consequences to a mining operation that changes in practice are required. Fundamental factors influencing coal burst events include strong strata,abnormal strata caving,elevated stresses,critical size pillars and the lack of sufficiently sized barrier pillars during extraction. These factors interact to produce excessive stress,seismic shock and loss of confinement mechanisms. Over the 90 years of dealing with these hazards,many novel prevention controls have been developed including novel mine designs and extraction sequences,most of which are site specific in their application. Without an accurate assessment of the fundamental factors that influence coal burst and knowledge of their mechanisms of occurrence,control techniques may be misapplied and risk inadequately mitigated.

Optimizing the Synthesis of Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether in Continuous Catalytic Distillation Column Using New Ion Exchange Resin Catalyst

Liquid phase synthesis of one of the important fuel oxygenate, ethyl tert-butyl ether （ETBE）, from etha-nol and tert-butyl alcohol （TBA） has been studied in catalytic distillation column （CDC） using ion exchange resin catalyst CT-145H. A packed CDC of 1.2 m height and 50 mm diameter with indigenously developed reactive sec-tion packing was used to generate experimental data. Effect of different key variables on product purity in distillate, was investigated to find the optimum operating conditions for ETBE synthesis. The optimum conditions for 0.2 kg·s-1 of ethanol feed were found：reboiler duty of 375 W, molar feed ratio of 1︰1.3 of reactants, and reflux ratio of 7. Concentration profiles for each component along each column section at optimum conditions were also drawn. Neither output nor input multiplicity was observed at experimental conditions.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Enzymatic Catalysis Process

Biodiesel is an excellent option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels with environmental advantages by reducing hazardous emissions. The enzymatic transesterification has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade and the advantages of enzymatic catalysis show that the production of biodiesel by this route has good potential, mainly because it is friendly environment. For biodiesel, production process by enzyme catalysis is chosen the response surface methodology. It is an experimental strategy to find the best operating conditions oftransesterification reaction to improve the biodiesel quality. The Process has three variables： temperature, molar ratio oil-alcohol and catalyst quantity. The process was monitored by GC-FID （gas chromatography with flame ionization detector）. The yield of the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis decreases with increasing temperature, and may be due to inactivation of the enzyme by denaturation at temperatures above 50 ℃. The second-order design used was the ＂CDC （central design composition）＂ which produced a maximum yield of 95.5% in the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis obtained at a temperature of 45 ℃, molar ratio methanol：oil of 8：1 and a catalyst loading of 8% wt.

HIV/AIDS in Asia:The Shape of Epidemics and Their Molecular Epidemiology

The Asia-Pacific region is a home to 60% of the population in the world and to approximately one quarter of people with HIV/AIDS. Close to a million of people has been infected and a half million people died of AIDS annually in Asia,becoming the second largest epicenter of global AIDS epidemic. Molecular epidemiology has been useful tool to track a course of HIV spread. In-depth knowledge from the studies on molecular epidemiology elucidates the dynamics of HIV spread and the interrelationship of epidemics in the different regions in Asia.

Challenges and Opportunities:the Expanded Government-led HIV/AIDS Programs in China

HIV/AIDS has posed an increasingly serious issue in China. In recent years,Chinese government has taken further intensified efforts to combat HIV/AIDS with high-level political commitment,supportive policy development,increased financial allocation,large-scale of government-led initiatives,expanded international cooperation and great involvement of non-governmental organizations. Meanwhile gaps and challenges coexist impacting the implementation and the results of national HIV/AIDS programs. Thus,further government efforts are needed to improve and tailor the actions to meet the requirement of HIV/AIDS control in China.

AIDS Research and Its Role in China's AIDS Prevention and Control Policies

By the end of 2005,the estimated number of HIV infected people in China was 650,000. The seriousness of the epidemic calls for effective control measures to tackle the problems in order to avoid the tragedy in Africa from happening in China. "Prevention First" is the cornerstone of the country's health policy. On 2003 World AIDS Day,Premier Jiabao Wen announced a new national AIDS control policy,"Four Frees and One Care". This policy clearly shows that the Chinese government has once again taken full responsibility to solve public health problems and has profound impact far beyond the AIDS field. In early 2006,the central government put scientific and technology innovation as a national priority and set the target to build an innovative China by year 2020. Since then,the government has been increasing investment in science and technology with major emphasis on both infectious diseases control and new drug research and development. For the first time,development of 100 new drugs and control of major infectious diseases (AIDS,HBV,TB and other emerging infectious diseases) have been selected as national key scientific projects. China's best minds in related fields will be pooled to work together in order to remove the technical barriers blocking efficient control of the major infectious disease in China. Knowledge on molecular epidemiology,immunology,pathogenesis,HAART,as well as HIVDR strains will certainly provide urgently needed scientific information for China's AIDS control program. Only evidence-based strategy from good research will provide long-term effective control of AIDS.

Political Implications of Emergency Management

This paper will review three broad types of political implications of emergency management, since historically emergency management was considered only a function of law enforcement and fire departments, with the support in the event of a major catastrophe from public health and civil defense organizations. The issue is not whether governments will be required to respond to emergencies but rather when and how frequently. The time to think about emergencies is before they happen. Despite some significant weakness in the overall approach, political implications offer many benefits and provide various options for CDCs （community development corporations） to get involved in disaster recovery and emergency management. Based upon a generally positive evaluation, the paper concludes that emergency management must become a central activity, whether at the federal, state, or local or as an intergovernmental activity. Hopefully for the future the government does not have to wait for a disaster to strike for one to put a policy into place, since they have had several to occur over decades. The government should be ready to take on any disaster if it occurs with the following policies and procedures that are in place.

Study on regional stratagem for coal mine disasters control and prevention in China

The regional strategy study was aimed at coal mine disaster control and prevention,which deepens and enriches the macro-strategy of coal mine disaster control andprevention,and provides an important support for the rapid and healthy development ofthe regional coal industry.The country was divided into 4 regions:Northeast,North,Southand Xinqing.In view of the regional status of coal mine disasters,the regulation and developmenttrend of regional coal mine disasters were analyzed,the outstanding problemsand key factors were identified,and the general thoughts on regional coal mine disastercontrol and prevention were put forward.