侏罗系油藏套损井防治技术

油井套损已成为油田稳产的一项重要影响因素,套损会造成不可估量的损失。针对该问题,研究分析了套损现状、套损原因,确定了套损井防治应始终围绕“以防为主、防治结合”的原则,通过缓蚀剂投加、井下工艺配套、加深眼管、固体颗粒缓蚀剂应用四个方面对油井前端形成全方位预防,降低套损井增量。根据“产量分级、效益排队、井筒完整性”三大要素,依据井筒腐蚀状况及治理工艺适应性,形成了3类6项套损井治理技术体系,可减少套损井存量,提高产能恢复率。

提升安全意识 预防运动损伤

在体育教学和运动训练中，运动损伤时有发生。提升安全意识，预防运动损伤显得格外重要。学生的安全是我们教学工作的重中之重。如若不慎，轻者影响身体健康和学习，重者还可能造成残疾。要防范于未然，首先要做好准备活动，这对预防运动损伤十分必要。在组织教学和运动训练中，一定要本着循序渐进的教学原则，使学生掌握正确的动作技术和要领，进而避免和减少运动损伤。体育教师在课上的讲解与示范占有重要的地位。干净利落、优美大方的示范动作给学生一种感人的力量，加上准确的讲解，给学生很强的吸引力。保护和自我保护是预防运动损伤的重要手段，体育教师要时刻关心学生的身体健康状况，更好地完成教育教学任务，使学生健康、愉快地成长。

测试资料在预防套损中的应用

随着油田开发的不断深入,套损井逐年增多,且套损报废后的更新井中仍存在套损高发的潜在危险。为探索测试资料在预防套损中的应用,从更新水井南4-XX-更水XXX井测试资料入手,依靠测试资料与井组生产动态结合的综合分析方式,判断注入井井下工具失效对本井以及采油井的影响,分析地层压力变化趋势,捋顺井组注采关系,总结出预防套损的经验和方法,为预防套损提供方向,为合理开发提供依据。

安塞坪南油田套损成因机理及预防治理方法

通过对坪南油田套损井的现状及成因分析,总结出坪南油田诱发套损的因素,提出重新固井、找漏补漏、座封隔器的治理措施和控制异常高压层、使用防腐蚀管柱、加强作业质量监督的防护措施,促使区块套损形势整体平稳,确保老油田注水开发持续稳产。

女子手球运动员体能评估对损伤预防的影响探究

文章通过对江苏女子手球队2014年和2015年的运动损伤情况进行统计,并对两年冬训期和备战期的形态及体能指标进行分析(包含FMS测试评分),明确科学体能训练对运动员损伤预防和体能素质发展的促进作用。经数据统计分析后发现:合理的体能训练能使女子手球运动员年度急性损伤率从41.5%(2014年)降低至26.08%(2015年);形态指标明显改善,安静脉搏降低(P<0.05),躯干旋转稳定性也显著性提高(P<0.01);各项体能素质(如下肢本体感觉、速度、下肢爆发力等)与2014年训练前相比成绩显著提高(P<0.01)。

胜坨二区套管状况监测认识及预防

摘要：胜坨油田二区目前已进入特高含水开发后期，为了解套管损坏情况，应用40臂井径、声波电视测井对套管技术状况进行监测，根据套损分类情况，对套损成因进行了初步探讨，总结出套管损坏的主要原因主要为有疏松砂岩油藏出砂，不合理注水开发，化学腐蚀破坏，断层的影响，井下措施因素，修井作业施工等造成套管损坏。在取得正确认识的基础上，对所测井采取了相应的措施，取得了一定的效果，为今后区域性的套损治理和预防提供了手段和方法。

套损因素分析及防护对策

随着油田开发的不断深入,油水井数量不断增加,套损井数呈上升的趋势。套损受诸多因素影响,文章通过分析研究对套损原因进一步认识,并针对性地提出了杏**区西部套损井防护措施,总结出“六查、六防、六控”的套损防护经验和方法,为预防套损提供方向,为合理开发提供依据。

新站油田北部套损的几点认识

在注水开发油田,油水井套管损坏是一种极为普遍的现象,近两年,新站北部套损有加剧的趋势,严重制约了油田的稳产。本文描述了新站北部套损井基本特征,并对套损机理进行了研究,提出了预防套损的几点措施。

萨中油田南一区西部套损防控认识及治理方法

套损是制约油田生产能力的主要因素。萨中油田南一区西部做为套损的重灾区,近几年来,坚持套损防控不放松、精细管理不懈怠,全力打好“防控治”组合拳,实现了套损井控增量、减存量,套损形势保持稳定的好效果。

注入井停注层异常吸液监测技术应用

注入井的分层吸液能力是油田动态分析的一项重要内容,正确分析各层的相对吸液量、吸液能力,制定合理的多层配注方案,对于改善油田开发效果具有重要意义。注入井停注层异常吸液影响油田的正常生产,并易造成套损,对油田动态分析和开发方案调整非常不利。基于注入剖面测井技术的特点优选相应的监测技术,针对目前某油田的3种停注方式,对10504口注入井的停注层进行监测,结果显示近27%的井存在停注层段异常吸液。该监测结果能准确判断停注层是否吸液,为后续开发方案调整及套损预防提供有力依据,最终提高原油采收率。

油气井套管技术现状及发展方向

笔者对80年代后期以来有关油气井套管技术方面的文献进行了系统检索,并在分析、研究这些文献的基础上,分别从套管的材质、螺纹联接、套管柱力学分析、套管柱设计以及安全可靠性研究等方面较详细地介绍了国内外在套管技术领域的最新研究成果和应用现状,指出了用于深井、超深井、高酸性气井等新型管材产品的开发、新型特殊螺纹的开发、套管柱设计专家系统、套损机理及综合防治技术以及套管钻井技术等将成为油气井套管技术今后的重点发展方向。

电磁法检测石油套管应力的试验研究

根据逆磁致伸缩效应及电磁感应原理,针对石油套管的结构,研制了四个感应探头的电测仪器。利用该仪器对石油套管在三点弯载荷作用下进行了电磁检测试验,电磁信号与应力的变化呈现很高的一致性。结果表明,基于电磁感应原理检测石油套管应力的方法是有效可行的。

Prevention and management of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced small intestinal injury

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug （NSAID）-induced small bowel injury is a topic that deserves attention since the advent of capsule endoscopy and balloon enteroscopy. NSAID enteropathy is common and is mostly asymptomatic. However, massive bleeding, stricture, or perforation may occur. The pathogenesis of small intestine injury by NSAIDs is complex and different from that of the upper gastrointestinal tract. No drug has yet been developed that can completely prevent or treat NSAID enteropathy. Therefore, a long-term randomized study in chronic NSAID users is needed.

Aspirin-induced small bowel injuries and the preventive effect of rebamipide

AIM:To evaluate the influence of taking low-dose aspirin for 4 wk on small intestinal complications and to examine the preventive effect of rebamipide.METHODS:This study was conducted as a single-center,randomized,double-blind,cross-over,placebo-controlled study.Eleven healthy male subjects were enrolled.Each subject underwent video capsule endos-copy after 1 and 4 wk of taking aspirin and omepra-zole,along with either rebamipide or placebo therapy.The primary endpoint was to evaluate small bowel damage in healthy subjects before and after taking low-dose aspirin for 4 wk.RESULTS:The number of subjects with mucosal breaks(defined as multiple erosions and/or ulcers)were 1 at 1 wk and 1 at 4 wk on the jejunum,and 6 at 1 wk(P = 0.0061)and 7 at 4 wk on the ileum(P =0.0019).Rebamipide significantly prevented mucosal breaks on the ileum compared with the placebo group(P = 0.0173 at 1 wk and P = 0.0266 at 4 wk).CONCLUSION:Longer-term,low-dose aspirin adminis-tration induced damage in the small bowel.Rebamipide prevented this damage,and may be a candidate drug for treating aspirin-induced small bowel complications.

Poor awareness of preventing aspirin-induced gastrointestinal injury with combined protective medications

AIM:To investigate prescribing pattern in low-dose aspirin users and physician awareness of preventing aspirin-induced gastrointestinal(GI) injury with combined protective medications.METHODS:A retrospective drug utilization study was conducted in the 2nd Affiliated Hospital,School of Medicine,Zhejiang University.The hospital has 2300 beds and 2.5 million outpatient visits annually.Data mining was performed on all aspirin prescriptions for outpatients and emergency patients admitted in 2011.Concomitant use of proton-pump inhibitors(PPIs),histamine 2-receptor antagonists(H2RA) and mucoprotective drugs(MPs) were analyzed.A defined daily dose(DDD) methodology was applied to each MP.A further investigation was performed in aspirin users on combination use of GI injurious medicines [non-steoid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),corticosteroids and clopidogrel and warfarin] or intestinal protective drugs(misoprostol,rebamipide,teprenone and gefarnate).Data of major bleeding episodes were derived from medical records and adverse drug reaction monitoring records.The annual incidence of major GI bleeding due to low-dose aspirin was estimated for outpatients.RESULTS:Prescriptions for aspirin users receiving PPIs,H2RA and MPs(n = 1039) accounted for only 3.46% of total aspirin prescriptions(n = 30 015).The ratios of coadministration of aspirin/PPI,aspirin/H2RA,aspirin/MP and aspirin/PPI/MP to the total aspirin prescriptions were 2.82%,0.12%,0.40% and 0.12%,respectively.No statistically significant difference was observed in age between patients not receiving any GI protective medications and patients receiving PPIs,H2RA or MPs.The combined medication of aspirin and PPI was used more frequently than that of aspirin and MPs(2.82% vs 0.40%,P < 0.05) and aspirin/H2RA(2.82% vs 0.12%,P < 0.05).The values of DDDs of MPs in descending order were as follows:gefarnate,hydrotalcite > teprenone > sucralfate oral suspension > L-glutamine and sodium gualenate granules > rebamipide > sucralfate chewable tablets.The ratio of MP plus aspirin prescriptions to the total MP prescriptions was as follows:rebamipide(0.47%),teprenone(0.91%),L-glutamine and sodium gualenate granules(0.92%),gefarnate(0.31%),hydrotalcite(1.00%) and sucralfate oral suspension(0.13%).Percentages of prescriptions containing aspirin and intestinal protective drugs among the total aspirin prescriptions were:rebamipide(0.010%),PPI/rebamipide(0.027%),teprenone(0.11%),PPI/teprenone(0.037%),gefarnate(0.017%),and PPI/gefarnate(0.013%).No prescriptions were found containing coadministration of aspirin and other NSAIDs.Among the 3196 prescriptions containing aspirin/clopidogrel,3088(96.6%) prescriptions did not contain any GI protective medicines.Of the 389 prescriptions containing aspirin/corticosteroids,236(60.7%) contained no GI protective medicines.None of the prescriptions using aspirin/warfarin(n = 22) contained GI protective medicines.Thirty-five patients were admitted to this hospital in 2011 because of acute hemorrhage of upper digestive tract induced by low-dose aspirin.The annual incidence rates of major GI bleeding were estimated at 0.25% for outpatients taking aspirin and 0.5% for outpatients taking aspirin/warfarin,respectively.CONCLUSION:The prescribing pattern of low-dose aspirin revealed a poor awareness of preventing GI injury with combined protective medications.Actions should be taken to address this issue.

Prevention of core cell damage in isolated islets of Langerhans by low temperature preconditioning

AIM: To study the core cell damage in isolated islets of Langerhans and its prevention by low temperature preconditioning (26 ℃).METHODS: Islets were cultured at 37 ℃ for 7-14 d after isolation, and then at 26 ℃ for 2, 4 and 7 d before additional culture at 37 ℃ for another 7 d. Core cell damage in the isolated islets was monitored by video-microscopy and analyzed quantitatively by use of a computer-assisted image analysis system. The analysis included daily measurement of the diameter and the area of the isolated islets and the area of the core cell damage that developed in those islets over time during culture. Histology and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to characterize the cell damage and to monitor islet function.RESULTS: Microscopic analysis showed that during the 7 to 14 d of culture at 37 ℃, core cell damage occurred in the larger islets with diameters ＞200 μm, which included both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Low temperature (26 ℃) culture could prevent core cell damage of isolated islets. The 7-d culture procedure at 26 ℃ could inhibit most of the core cell (excluding diameters＞300 μm) damages when the islets were re-warmed at 37 ℃.CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that core cell damage within isolated islets of Langerhans correlates with the size of islets. Low temperature (26 ℃) culture can prevent core cell damage in isolated islets, and successfully precondition these islets for incubation at 37 ℃. These novel findings may help to understand the pathophysiology of early loss of islet tissue after transplantation, and may provide a new strategy to improve graft function in the clinical setting of islet transplantation.

Prophylaxis with carnosol attenuates liver injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion

AIM： To investigate the possible protective effects of carnosol on liver injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion （I/R）. METHODS： Rats were divided randomly into three experimental groups： sham, intestinal I/R and carnosol treatment （n = 18 each）. The intestinal I/R model was established by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 1 h. In the carnosol treatment group, surgery was performed as in the intestinal I/R group, with intraperitoneal administration of 3 mg/kg carnosol 1 h before the operation. At 2, 4 and 6 h after reperfusion, rats were killed and blood, intestine and liver tissue samples were obtained. Intestine and liver histology was investigated. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and interleukin （IL）-6 were measured. Liver tissue superoxide dismutase （SOD） and myeloperoxidase （IvIPO） activity were assayed. The liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and nuclear factor κB （NF-κB） were determined by immunohistochemical analysis and western blot analysis. RESULTS： Intestinal I/R induced intestine and liver injury, characterized by histological changes, as well as a significant increase in serum AST and ALT levels. The activity of SOD in the liver tissue decreased after I/R, which was enhanced by carnosol pretreatment. In addition, compared with the control group, carnosol markedly reduced liver tissue MPO activity and serum IL-6 level, which was in parallel with the decreased level of liver ICAI-1 and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION： Our results indicate that carnosol pretreatment attenuates liver injury induced by intestinal I/R, attributable to the antioxidant effect and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.

Preventive administration of cromakalim reduces aquaporin-4 expression and blood-brain barrier permeability in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Cromakalim,an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener,exhibits protective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.However,there is controversy as to whether this effect is associated with aquaporin-4 and blood-brain barrier permeability.Immunohistochemistry results show that preventive administration of cromakalim decreased aquaporin-4 and IgG protein expression in rats with ischemia/reperfusion injury;it also reduced blood-brain barrier permeability,and alleviated brain edema,ultimately providing neuroprotection.

水井分层测压的作用和意义

随着油田开发的不断深入,注水结构不断优化,分层分注井占水井总数的比例不断提高,目前已达到95%以上,层内细分的注水井层段数已高达8段。此时,逐渐走向成熟的分层测压技术体现出了巨大的优势,水井分层测压技术在采油六厂越来越受到重视,水井分层测压在油田监测中占的比例越来越大,分层测压资料显示出了独特的优点。

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer:Loading mechanisms,risk factors,and prevention programs

Anterior cruciate ligament （ACL） injuries are common in soccer. Understanding ACL loading mechanisms and risk factors for ACL injury is critical for designing effective prevention programs. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on ACL loading mechanisms, ACL injury risk factors, and current ACL injury prevention programs for soccer players. Literature has shown that tibial anterior translation due to shear force at the proximal end of tibia is the primary ACL loading mechanism. No evidence has been found showing that knee valgus moment is the primary ACL loading mechanism. ACL loading mechanisms are largely ignored in previous studies on risk factors for ACL injury. Identified risk factors have little connections to ACL loading mechanisms. The results of studies on ACL injury prevention programs for soccer players are inconsistent. Current ACL injury prevention programs for soccer players are clinically ineffective due to low compliance. Future studies are urgently needed to identify risk factors for ACL injury in soccer that are connected to ACL loading mechanisms and have cause-and-effect relationships with injury rate, and to develop new prevention programs to improve compliance.