农村养猪常见猪疾病预防及治疗

当前随着生猪养殖规模的不断扩大,猪病发病几率也越来越高,严重阻碍着生猪养殖业的健康发展。因此养殖户积极做好预防治疗工作显得尤为重要。基于此,本文着重对农村养猪常见猪病的治疗方法及预防对策进行了深入的探讨分析。

浅谈晚期产后出血的病因和预防治疗

目的:对我院患者晚期产后出血的病因和预防治疗进行分析,为后期的防治提供依据。方法:分析乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院收治的75例产后出血患者的临床症状。结果:75例产妇出血原因为胎盘、胎膜组织残留、子宫复旧不良、产褥感染、子宫切口感染裂开。75例出血产妇经治疗后70例治愈或好转,5例进行子宫次全切除术,无死亡。结论:晚期产后出血主要原因为胎盘、胎膜组织残留、子宫复旧不良。要通过增强对晚期产后出血的预防、及时发现、准确处理,同时加强孕期保健和产褥期健康常识的宣传,从而减少晚期出血的发生。

剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症临床分析

目的探讨剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症的病因、诊断、治疗和预防。方法采用回顾分析法,选择我院2008年3月—2011年3月收治的剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症患者20例,对其临床资料进行总结。结果 20例患者均予以病灶切除治疗,全部手术成功,其中2例患者在手术治疗之后予以药物治疗,其余18例患者在术后均未接受药物治疗。患者出院后跟踪随访2年,无1例复发,20例患者的恢复情况均比较良好。结论对于剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症,及时的诊断和治疗是关键,一旦发现异常要及时就诊,确诊之后要立即进行治疗。

Human herpesvirus 6 infections after liver transplantation

Human herpesvirus 6(HHV-6) infections occur in > 95% of humans.Primary infection,which occurs in early childhood as an asymptomatic illness or manifested clinically as roseola infantum,leads to a state of subclinical viral persistence and latency.Reactivation of latent HHV-6 is common after liver transplantation,possibly induced and facilitated by allograft rejection and immunosuppressive therapy.Since the vast majority of humans harbor the virus in a latent state,HHV-6 infections after liver transplantation are believed to be mostly due to endogenous reactivation or superinfection(reactivation in the transplanted organ).In a minority of cases,however,primary HHV-6 infection may occur when an HHV-6 negative individual receives a liver allograft from an HHV-6 positive donor.The vast majority of documented HHV-6 infections after liver transplantation are asymptomatic.In a minority of cases,HHV-6 has been implicated as a cause of febrile illness with rash and myelosuppression,hepatitis,pneumonitis,and encephalitis after liver transplantation.In addition,HHV-6 has been associated with a variety of indirect effects such as allograft rejection,and increased predisposition and severity of other infections including cytomegalovirus(CMV),hepatitis C virus,and opportunistic fungi.Because of the uncommon nature of the clinical illnesses directly attributed to HHV-6,there is currently no recommended HHV-6-specific approach to prevention.However,ganciclovir and valganciclovir,which are primarily intended for the prevention of CMV disease,are also active against HHV-6 and may prevent its reactivation after transplantation.The treatment of established HHV-6 disease is usually with intravenous ganciclovir,cidofovir,or foscarnet,complemented by reduction in the degree of immunosuppression.This article reviews the current advances in the pathogenesis,clinical diagnosis,and therapeutic modalities against HHV6 in the setting of liver transplantation.

Pediatric primary urolithiasis: Symptoms, medical management and prevention strategies

In the past few decades pediatric urolithiasis has become more frequent. The reason for this increase is not completely clear but has been attributed to changes in climate, nutritional habits and possibly other environ-mental factors. Although less frequent than adult stone disease, urolithiasis in the pediatric age group is also related to significant morbidity, particularly since stones tend to recur, and, thus, should not be underestimated. Most children with idiopathic stone disease have an underlying metabolic abnormality substantiating the importance of metabolic evaluation already following initial diagnosis of urolithiasis. Identification of the metabolic abnormality allows for more specifc prescription of non pharmacological and pharmacological interventions aimed at preventing recurrent stone formation. A better understanding of the causes of kidney stone disease will provide better strategies for stone prevention in children.

Avoiding misdiagnosing an early intrauterine pregnancy as an ectopic pregnancy

In women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy, every effort should be made to exclude the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before embarking on an irreversible treatment for ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, unless directly visualized with transvaginal ultrasound, is made with the exclusion of an intrauterine pregnancy. Measurement of human chorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone levels, and transvaginal ultrasound are the tools used to evaluate early pregnancy. In women at risk for an ectopic pregnancy, every effort should be made to exclude the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before embarking on an irreversible treatment course. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis and repair and cell replication. It is administered to ostensible destroy a pregnancy, especially ectopic pregnancies. When administered to an intrauterine pregnancy, embryonic death and missed abortion is the most common result, but early embryos that survive this exposure are likely to have multiple anomalies. The mistaken administration of methotrexate to an intrauterine pregnancy is made because of misinterpretation of the discriminatory zone of human chorionic gonadotropin(h CG), misinterpretation of early h CG serum levels, misinterpretation of early transvaginal ultrasound images, and failure to clinically correlate h CG levels and ultrasound findings.

Operable Breast Cancer： a Clinical Analysis of 6,263 Cases

OBJECTIVE In Europe and America breast cancer commonly occurs in women of middle and old age, with a median age of about 57 years. Modified radical mastectomy now called standard radical mastectomy, has taken the place of traditional radical mastectomy. Patients with breast cancer at an early stage commonly receive BCT （breast conservative therapy）. The TNM stage （especially the lymph node status） affects the prognosis, and adjuvant therapy can improve survival. In China, only a few reports have been published studying large numbers of breast cancer patients. This study was designed to analyze the clinical features, surgical pattern and treatment outcome of resectable breast cancer, as well as to explore the prognostic factors and the effect of adjuvant therapy, with a goal to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment. METHODS Records of the 6,263 patients with resectable breast cancer who had been admitted into our hospital from June 1964 to June 2003 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Of the 6,263 cases, 98.8% were female. Breast cancer occurred most frequently in patients of ages 40-49 years （41.0%）, especially in patients 45-49 years old （25.2%）. A breast lump, which occurred in 96.2% of the patients, was the main clinical manifestation. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 75.16% and 40.44%. Of the patients in TNM stages 0-1, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ, the 5-year survival rates were 96.8%, 73.7% and 46.4% respectively and the 10-year survival rates were 78.7%, 64.6% and 33.5% respectively. The 5-, and 10-year survival rates were higher in the lymph node negative group than in the lymph node positive group （80.3% vs. 55.6%, and 59.2% vs. 31.9%, P〈0.01）. Since the 1980s there was no significant difference in survival rates of patients who received a radical mastectomy compared to a modified radical mastectomy（P〉0.05）. Of the 73 patients who underwent breast conservative therapy, no local recurrence or metastasis occurred during a maximal follow-up of 17 years. Of the patients in stage T2- T4, the 5-, and 10-year survival rates were significantly higher in the group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy compared to the non-chemotherapy group （78.2% vs. 60.1%, and 48.9% vs. 30.7%, P〈0.01 ）. CONCLUSION According to our data, breast cancer most frequently occurred in patients of ages 45-49 years. The TNM stage （especially the lymph node status） relates to breast cancer prognosis. The prognosis was worse in patients with positive lymph nodes compared to the patients with negative lymph nodes. The efficacy of a modified radical mastectomy is equal to that of a radical mastectomy, and breast conservative therapy can be applied to patients in an early stage. Adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy can improve the survival of resectable breast cancer patients.

Association of HbA1c Level with Lipid Ratio in Diabetic Patients

Introduction： Diabetes mellitus is a common disease in the world and the number of diabetes patients is rapidly increasing. Dyslipidemia is one of the most risk factors for cardiovascular disease which is more prevalent among adults with diabetes than in the general population. Aim： To study the correlation of diabetes patients glycated hemoglobin （HbA1c） with lipid ratios. Materials and methods： Samples were collected from 101 diabetic patients （aged 19-86 years; male 51, female 50）. Retrospective study included data such as age, gender, type of diabetes, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride from two family medicine doctor’s practices. According to the HbA1c level, the patients were divided into three groups, group A （HbA1c 〈 7%, n = 58）, group B （7% ≤ HbA1c 〈 10%, n = 37） and group C （HbA1c ≥ 10%, n = 6）. The correlations of HbA1c with lipid ratios were analyzed. Results： In the group A the mean HbA1c was 6.1 ± 0.5%, mean age-60.6 years, total cholesterol-4.7 mmol/L, LDL-2.8 mmol/L, triglycerides-1.6 mmol/L. In the group B the mean HbA1c was 7.7 ± 0.6%, mean age-64.0 years, total cholesterol-5.7 mmol/L, LDL-3.1 mmol/L, triglycerides-2.2 mmol/L and in the group C the mean HbA1c was 11.2 ± 1.0%, mean age-48.7 years, total cholesterol-4.9 mmol/L, LDL-2.7 mmol/L, triglycerides-1.7 mmol/L. Conclusions： From all groups highest total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides were patients in the group B. In others two groups lipid profile changes were without any significant differences and there was no association with HbA1c.

Russian Experience of the Rational Thromboprophylaxis in Traumatology and Orthopaedics

Analysis of the safety and efficacy of the currently marked oral anticoagulants was performed in patients after large joints arthroplasty. A total of 5025 patients after total knee arthroplasty and 5216 patients after total hip arthroplasty were examined. All patients were divided into groups by the prescribed anticoagulant. The duration of anticoagulant therapy was 35 days and 6 weeks after surgery, respectively. Ultrasonography of the lower extremities veins was performed in all patients prior to the surgery and 5 days after surgery. In patients receiving Dabigatran, the incidence of clinically significant deep vein thrombosis was lower compared with patients receiving Rivaroxaban and Apixaban; in contrast, the rate of postoperative hematomas in the last two groups was higher.