云南植烟红壤不同施肥条件下有机无机复合体颗粒大小分组研究

参照Terchenek和Oades的方法，对云南几种主要植烟红壤的有机无机复合体按颗粒大小进行分组研究。结果表明，植烟红壤有机无机复合体颗粒大小呈现以粉粒级为主的特征，土壤有机碳主要结合在粉粒级复合体中，不同粒径复合体量的差异与耕作施肥有关。在0-20cm耕作层，长期施化肥的土壤与长期有机无机肥配施的土壤相比，同种土壤单施化肥与增施有机肥相比，直径〈0．002mm粘粒复合体量有增高趋势，同时直径〉0．002mm复合体量降低。通过计算红壤直径〈0．002mm粘粒级复合体与直径0．01～0．25mm粗粉细砂粒级复合体的比值，称为复合体解离度，长期大量主施化肥土壤的复合体解离度高于有机无机肥配施的土壤；单施化肥处理土壤的复合体解离度高于化肥配施秸秆、有机土壤改良剂处理的土壤。

长期自由大气CO_(2)富集下稻田土壤有机碳分布结构与红外光谱特征研究

为探究野外自由大气CO_(2)浓度长期升高对不同深度农田土壤碳、氮含量和分布的影响,依托中国FACE(Free-air CO_(2) enrichment)系统平台,以15年试验区的土壤为研究样本,分析不同深度土壤总碳和全氮含量的变化,基于湿筛法区分颗粒态有机质(POM)和矿质结合态有机质(MAOM),并通过傅里叶红外光谱法研究不同深度土壤有机碳官能团的变化。结果表明:FACE处理有提高0~15、15~30 cm土壤总碳、全氮含量的趋势,其中0~15 cm土壤总碳、全氮含量较对照分别增加12.52%和14.32%,而15~30 cm分别增加21.74%和33.33%。0~15、15~30 cm土壤POM和MAOM的碳、氮含量均高于30~45、45~60 cm土壤,且土壤总碳、全氮更多地分布于MAOM中。FACE处理极显著增加0~15 cm土层POM的碳、氮含量,其增幅分别为25.92%和24.45%;极显著提高0~15和15~30 cm土层MAOM的碳、氮含量,增幅分别为0~15 cm的32.62%(碳)和59.52%(氮)以及15~30 cm的42.34%(碳)和31.06%(氮)。FACE处理与对照各深度土壤有机碳红外特征峰形态基本一致,但主要吸收峰相对强度存在差异。与对照相比,FACE显著减小45~60 cm土壤芳香族官能团(1630 cm-1)的峰面积,增加0~15、15~30 cm土壤但降低30~45、45~60 cm土壤吸收峰峰面积的比值。综上,长期FACE处理有提高表层土壤总碳、全氮含量的趋势,其增量碳、氮更多地分布于MOAM中,同时提高表层土壤有机碳化学结构的稳定性,有利于表层土壤固碳。

长期施用化肥和秸秆对活性有机质组分的影响

以长期定位试验为基础,分析了长期施用化肥和秸秆对土壤不同组分C、N的影响。结果表明:连续施肥16年后,与CK处理相比,单施化肥使土壤全N、有机C、轻组有机N、颗粒态有机N、碱解N、易氧化有机C分别增加了13.8%,9.4%,38.2%,20.0%,19.7%和26.3%,但并没有增加轻组有机C量和颗粒态有机C量。化肥与秸秆配施后,土壤全N、有机C和不同组分C、N含量都显著大于单施化肥。单施化肥显著降低了土壤有机质、轻组有机质、颗粒态有机质的C/N比,但化肥与秸秆配施后,其C/N比并没有继续降低。此外,易氧化有机C量与土壤有机C量显著相关,颗粒态有机N量、轻组有机N量、碱解N和土壤全N间也存在显著相关性。

Variation in Grain Size Distribution in Debris Flow

Grain composition of debris flow varies considerably from fluid to deposit, making it uncertain to estimate flow properties （e.g., density, velocity and discharge） using deposit as done in practice. Tracing the variation of grain composition is thus more important than estimating some certain properties of flow because every debris flow event consists of a series of surges that are distinct in properties and flow regimes. We find that the materials of debris flows, both the fluid and the source soils, satisfy a universal grain size distribution （GSD） in a form of P （D） = CD-zexp（-D/Dc）, where the parameters C, p and De are determined by fitting the function to the grain size frequency. A small At implies a small porosity and possible high excess pore pressure in flow; and a large D~ means a wide range of grain composition and hence a high sediment concentration. Flow density increases as 11 decreases or Dc increases, in a power law form. A debris flow always achieves a state of certain mobility and density that can be well described by the coupling of p and Dc, which imposes a constraint on the fluctuations of flow surges. The GSD also describes the changes in grain composition in that it is always satisfied during the course of debris flow developing. Numerical simulation using the GSD can well illustrate the variation ofμ and Dc from source soils to deposits.

Origin of Quaternary Red Clay of Southern Anhui Province

The particle size distribution, heavy mineral constituents and rare earth elements (REE) characteristics of the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province were studied to explore the origin of the clay. The results showed that the clay had some properties of areolian deposits, which could be compared with those of the loess in North China; and its chondrite normalized curves of REE were similar to those of the Xiashu loess, implying that they shared the same origin. It was concluded in combination with the results reported by other researchers that the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province originated from aeolian deposits, and this could reveal the cycles of warm and cold climates in the area during the Quaternary period.

Comparison of microstructure and wear resistance of A356-SiC_p composites processed via compocasting and vibrating cooling slope

The influences of SiC content on the microstructure, porosity, hardness and wear resistance of A356？SiCp composites processed via two different methods of compocasting and vibrating cooling slope （VCS） were compared with each other. In the as-cast condition, the matrix of VCS and compocast processed composites exhibited globular and dendritric structures, respectively. While a more uniform distribution of SiC particulates in the matrix alloy as well as higher hardness values were obtained for the VCS processed samples, the composites produced via compocasting exhibited less porosity. The increased SiC content （up to 20% in volume fraction） resulted in a more uniform distribution of SiC particles within the matrix alloy and improved wear resistance for both the composite series. However, for the VCS processed composites, the increased SiC content, resulted in the decreased size and shape factor of globules as well as better tribological properties when compared with compocast composites. It was concluded that the improved properties of the VCS processed composites when compared with their compocast counterparts was a consequence of a more uniform distribution of SiC particulates in the matrix alloy as well as the globular microstructure generated during the VCS process.

Synthesis and ceramization of polycarbosilane containing beryllium

Polycarbosilane containing beryllium(BPCS) precursors was prepared by the reaction of polycarbosilane(PCS) with beryllium acetylacetone(Be(acac)2).The analysis of structures and components of BPCS demonstrates that their main structures are basically the same as PCS.Ceramization of BPCS precursors shows that BPCS precursors are organic below 600 °C and inorganic at 800 °C.At 1400 °C,BPCS precursors convert into silicon carbide ceramics.The ceramization of different beryllium content precursors were studied,which show that beryllium plays an important role in the inhibition of crystalline grain growth of β-SiC at high temperature and it can adjust the dielectric constant of silicon carbide ceramics.

Numerical simulation of powder effect on solidification in directed energy deposition additive manufacturing

An integrated simulation of powder effects on particle temperature and microstructural evolution in laser directed energy deposition additive manufacturing process was carried out.The spatial distribution of the flying powder particles was simulated by the discrete element method to calculate the energy for the flying powder particles under the laser−particle interaction with electromagnetic wave analysis.Combined with the phase field method,the influence of particle size on the microstructural evolution was studied.The microstructural evolution is validated through comparison with experimental observation.Results indicate that the narrow particle size distribution is beneficial to obtaining a more uniform temperature distribution on the deposited layers and forming smaller equiaxed grains near the side surfaces of the sample.Appropriate powder particle size is beneficial to the conversion of the electromagnetic energy into heat.Particles with small size are recommended to form equiaxed grains and to improve product quality.Appropriate powder flow rate improves the laser energy efficiency,and higher powder flow rate leads to more uniform equiaxed grains on both sides of the cross-section.

The regional nature of nitrate-dominant haze pollution during autumn over the Pearl River Delta area

China has experienced severe haze and visibility degradation problems in recent years because of rapid urbanization and industrialization.In this study,daily atmospheric fine-aerosol samples were concurrently collected at three sites over the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region during 1–29 October 2014.PM2.5 samples were analyzed for organic carbon and elemental carbon using a thermal/optical carbon analyzer.Major water-soluble inorganic ions including F−,Cl−,NO3−,SO42−,Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+were analyzed by ion chromatography.The results show that the temporal variations of PM2.5 concentration at the three sites were highly parallel,with particle pollution events simultaneously observed during 13–19 October(EP1)and 23–27 October(EP2),suggesting that pollution events in the PRD region are usually regional.This can most likely be attributed to the significant influences of synoptic conditions,which regionally facilitate or block diffusion of air pollutants.The chemical compositions of PM2.5 at the three sites were also found to be similar,dominated by organics and sulfates.The results indicate that accumulation of traffic emissions seems to play important roles in particle pollution for the PRD region,leading in this case to elevated nitrate contributions during both EP1 and EP2 at the three sites.Moreover,the authors found that locally emitted aerosols from biomass burning only markedly influenced the air condition at one site,Nanhai,during EP1,while regionally transported biomass burning aerosols from eastern and northern Guangdong Province influenced all three sampling sites when the PRD was dominated by polluted air from these directions during EP2.

长期施肥下浙江稻田不同颗粒组分有机碳的稳定特征

依托浙江水网地区稻田长期定位施肥试验(1996~2013年),利用固态13C核磁共振波谱技术,研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤各颗粒组分有机碳含量及其化学结构特征.结果表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,秸秆与化肥配施(NPKRS)、栏肥与化肥配施(NPKOM)、单施化肥(NPK)和单施栏肥(OM)处理均显著(P<0.05)增加了砂粒(2~0.02 mm)、粉粒(0.02~0.002mm)和黏粒(<0.002 mm)组分中有机碳含量;而单施秸秆(RS)处理仅显著增加砂粒组分有机碳含量.此外,与单施化肥处理相比,有机肥和化肥配施促进了新增有机碳在粉粒和黏粒组分的分配,更有利于新增有机碳的稳定.应用13C-NMR波谱技术进行结构表征,结果表明粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的化学结构存在明显差异,粉粒组分烷氧碳、芳香碳的相对含量高于黏粒,而烷基碳、羰基碳的相对含量低于黏粒.长期有机肥与化肥配施下粉粒和黏粒烷基碳相对含量较单施有机肥处理分别降低9.1%~11.9%和13.7%~19.9%,烷氧碳的相对含量则分别增加2.9%~6.3%和13.4%~22.1%,表明有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的分解程度.长期单施化肥处理下粉粒和黏粒组分有机质的芳化度和疏水性低于单施有机肥处理和不施肥处理,有机质的矿化稳定性较低.长期有机肥与化肥配施,尤其是NPKOM处理,通过增加化学抗性化合物和碳水化合物的积累,并且减缓活性组分的分解提高粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳含量,是促进稻田土壤有机碳可持续积累的有效措施.

Alternative Use of a Compressed Component of a Digestate from Agricultural BGSs （Biogas Stations）

The paper presents the results of a two-year research of properties and the way of use of briquettes and pellets made of separated and partially dehydrated digestate from agricultural BGSs （biogas stations）. Digestate is a by-product of BGS. There are approximately 170 agricultural BGSs operating in the Czech Republic. Unprocessed digestate with the dry mass content around 6% is usually applied to soil as a lighter mineral fertilizer. If digestate is separated and the separated solid component of the digestate is further dehydrated to 14 % moisture, it can be processed by pressing to the form of very solid pellets and briquettes, also with various additives. It was also ascertained that mechanical strength and shape of briquettes does not change due to long-term storage. In this form, the compressed digestate can be used in various ways. One of the ways is its energetic use by direct burning. That is why we have observed its calorific value and combustion heat. Another alternative use of compressed digestate from BGS is its application in targeted treatment of in particular mechanical properties of soil and its water regime. The briquettes and pellets have great water sorption properties--the briquette retains water and as a consequence grows up to four times in size. This specific property was analysed and it was ascertained that the speed of water sorption depends on the composition of the compressed mixture （i.e., the type of material and the size of its particles）, but also on the total weight of the produced briquettes （i.e., their size）. Similar dependency was ascertained for other briquette materials that were analysed.

Preparation of Nano-sized Silica-alumina Support by Supersolubilizing Self-assembly Technique

Nano-sized silica-alumina particles were in-situ synthesized in supersolubilizing reverse micellae.Both the most probable pore diameters and the particle sizes were distributed in nano-scale SiO2-Al2O3 particulates.The influence of SiO2/Al2O3 mass ratio and the surfactant content on the particle size and morphology,pore structure,and acidity was characterized by the low temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET),SEM,TEM and NH3-TPD methods.The test results indicated that the most probable pore diameter of SiO2-Al2O3 nanoparticles was around 10 nm,the specific surface area was about 223-286 m2 /g,the pore volumes were about 0.48-0.63 cm 3 /g,and the particle sizes of porous SiO2-Al2O3 calcined at 550 ℃ were distributed always in the range between 10 nm to 50 nm.The calcined SiO2-Al2O3 nano-powders showed their acidity being stronger than the porous γ-Al2O3 support.

Seasonal Variability of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Under Arable Land

Carbon fractions in soils apparently vary not only in space, but also over time. A lack of knowledge on the seasonal variability of labile carbon fractions under arable land hampers the reliability and comparability of soil organic carbon(SOC) surveys from different studies. Therefore, we studied the seasonal variability of two SOC fractions, particulate organic matter(POM) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC), under maize cropping: POM was determined as the SOC content in particle-size fractions, and DOC was measured as the water-extractable SOC(WESOC) of air-dried soil. Ammonium, nitrate, and water-extractable nitrogen were measured as potential regulating factors of WESOC formation because carbon and nitrogen cycles in soils are strongly connected. There was a significant annual variation of WESOC(coefficient of variation(CV) = 30%). Temporal variations of SOC in particle-size fractions were smaller than those of WESOC. The stocks of SOC in particle-size fractions decreased with decreasing particle sizes, exhibiting a CV of 20%for the coarse sand-size fraction(250–2 000 μm), of 9% for the fine sand-size fraction(50–250 μm), and of 5% for the silt-size fraction(20–50 μm). The WESOC and SOC in particle-size fractions both peaked in March and reached the minimum in May/June and August, respectively. These results indicate the importance of the time of soil sampling during the course of a year, especially when investigating WESOC.

High frequency properties of Fe_(73.5)Cu_1Nb_3Si_(13.5)B_9/Zn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)Fe_2O_4 soft magnetic composite with micro-cellular structure

Soft magnetic composite with micro-cellular structure was prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS) process with Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 micron-powders clad by 5wt% Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nano-particles.The effect of SPS on the micro structure of the Finemet powder and the micro structure of the composite were studied.It has been found that the as-prepared composite consists of Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 cells and the cell-wall composed of nano Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 particles distributing around Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 cell-body.The composite exhibits low eddy-current loss which is to be resulted by high resistivity of the Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 cell-wall.The sintered samples were annealed at different temperature and the magnetic properties at different frequency of the annealed samples were measured.It shows that the Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 cell-wall possesses good thermostability.