风—车—桥系统车辆风荷载突变效应风洞试验研究

侧向风作用下,车辆通过桥塔或双车交会时车辆所受风荷载会发生突变,这将影响行车的安全性和舒适性。基于自主研制的移动车辆模型风洞试验系统,针对轨道交通车辆和公路交通车辆,分别采用三车模型和单车模型测试了车辆通过桥塔和双车交会时车辆风荷载的突变过程,讨论了风速、车速、车辆所处轨道位置及车辆类型等因素对车辆气动力系数的影响。研究表明车辆运行于桥塔区域及双车交会时,车辆三分力系数均有不同程度的突变趋势;车辆运动引起的列车风使车辆阻力系数的突变程度减弱,使桥塔遮风效应的影响区域变长;公路交通车辆风荷载突变效应较轨道交通车辆的要明显;双车交会时,背风侧车辆风荷载急剧减小,迎风侧车辆三分力系数变化较平稳。

风速场模型对风—车—桥系统耦合振动特性影响研究

侧向风的作用会增大车—桥耦合振动系统的响应。本文将风、车、桥三者作为一个相互作用、协调工作的耦合振动系统,建立了风—车—桥系统空间耦合分析模型。以京沪高速铁路南京长江大桥为工程背景,采用自行研发的桥梁结构分析软件BANSYS对比研究了不同风速场模型对车辆及桥梁动力响应的影响,剖析了自然大气中平均成份和脉动成份在耦合振动系统中的作用。分析结果表明,在风—车—桥系统耦合振动分析中,采用空间真实相关的脉动风速场是必要的。

风—车—桥系统非线性空间耦合振动研究

In this dissertation, wind, vehicle and bridge are regarded as an interacting coupling vibration system. In the analysis model of the system, many factors are considered in detail, such as the fluid-solid coupling interaction between wind and bridge, the solid contact coupling interaction between vehicle and bridge, the stochastic wind load of vehicle, the time variation characteristics of the system induced by train movement. The main research achievements are as follows:Firstly, a reliable but simple identification method by the name of the Weighting Ensemble Least-Square method (WELS), has been developed to extract flutter derivatives of bridge deck from free vibration records. According to the properties of both the structural style and the vibration mode of long cable-stayed bridge, and considering the correlation characteristics of natural wind, a practical method is introduced to simplify stochastic wind velocity field of long cable-stayed bridges for taking pylon wind field effect into account. The method turns a three-dimension stochastic wind field on a plane into one-dimension stochastic wind fields on lines. The computational work of simulating wind velocity field is reduced by a big margin by the method. Based on wind speed observation record with drawback, it is proved that the exponent expressing terrain roughness can be calculated according to the monthly maximum wind speed records at various height levels. Wind gradient characteristics on bridge site are determined by statistical method. In order to measure respective aerodynamic parameters of deck and vehicle when vehicle is on deck, a simple but well-performed device is developed, which is called Crossed Slot System. The device can separate the wind loads on bridge and on vehicles from each other. Based measured aerodynamic parameter and simulated wind speed field, time-domain expression of static wind load, buffeting load and self-excited load for bridge and vehicle are introduced.Secondly, Germany high-speed spectrums with weak disturbance are adopted to simulate the stochastic rail irregularities. Iterative methods are developed to calculate the geometric relationship and interaction force between wheel and rail. Based the geometric and mechanical coupling relation between vehicle and bridge, movement equation of wind-vehicle-bridge system is established. The equation can be solved by a separated iterative procedure, which can consider various nonlinear factors. According to the theory presented in this dissertation and author’s long time research practice, computational software, BANSYS (Bridge ANalysis SYStem), is developed by the Windows technique of Visual C++.Finally, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge on Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, a three-pylon cable-stayed bridge, is analyzed. The buffeting analysis result of time domain is compared with that of frequency domain. The effects of pylon wind speed field and nonlinear factors are taken into account. It is shown that in buffeting analysis that the analysis results of time domain agree well with those of frequency domain. Effect of pylon wind field can increase the lateral buffeting response of pylon. Nonlinear factor can decrease the nature frequency of cable-stayed bridge and increase the vertical and tensional buffeting response. In wind-vehicle-bridge system vibration analysis, a set of indexes is presented to indicate the level of bridge vibration. In addition, the effects of wind field model, wind speed, train speed, relative location of vehicle and nonlinear factors of the system vibration are analyzed by various case comparisons. It is shown in wind-vehicle-bridge system vibration analysis that cross wind action can remarkably increase the response of bridge and vehicle. Generally, the response of bridge and vehicle increases with wind speed and train speed. In the case that when the vehicle is on the leeward side of deck it is more dangerous than other cases when the vehicle is on the windward side of the deck. Nonlinear factors can influence the bridge more than the vehicle.

沪通长江大桥主桥风—车—桥动力响应研究

将轨道不平顺作为系统的内部激励,风载荷作为外部激励,考虑静风力和脉动风力,采用自编程序TYWTB建立车桥耦合系统动力学模型,进行不同风速激励下不同速度列车通过桥梁时的系统动力响应分析,并对车辆的安全性和舒适性进行评价。结果表明:随着风速的增加,车桥系统的动力响应增大,中跨最大垂向动挠度和横向动位移均出现在行车侧上弦;随着车速的增加,车桥系统的动力响应增大,桥上车辆的安全性和舒适性随车速的增加而降低;桥面风速等于或小于25m·s^(-1)时,160~250km·h^(-1)车速范围内车辆响应未超限值;当桥面风速达到30m·s^(-1)时,160~250km·h^(-1)范围内动车横向加速度均超限,拖车在车速250km·h^(-1)时轮重减载率超限,行车安全无法保证;由于沪通长江大桥桥梁对车辆受风面的遮挡,平均风速达到25m·s^(-1)时仍能保证车辆的运行安全和乘坐舒适,满足《铁路技术管理规程》的相关要求;沪通长江大桥铁路桥面采用了钢箱结构,增强了竖向、横向刚度和抗扭刚度,使得桥梁在风场和列车的共同作用下整体性能良好。

横风作用下公路车辆与桥梁静气动力的数值模拟研究

横风作用下的风—车—桥耦合系统的振动分析需要准确识别车辆和桥梁气动参数。基于CFD数值仿真平台分别建立了桥梁单体模型和车桥耦合体系模型,计算分析了高低紊流度风场中不同风攻角下车辆和桥梁的静气动力,分析研究了静止车辆对桥梁静气动力的影响、风攻角对车辆静气动力的影响以及风场的紊流性对车桥静气动力的影响。计算结果表明:由于车辆的干扰,不同风攻角下的桥梁静气动力普遍增大;风攻角对车辆静气动力系数影响比较大;紊流特性对车辆静气动力系数有一定影响,对桥梁静气动力系数影响不大。

Effects of fundamental factors on coupled vibration of wind-rail vehicle-bridge system for long-span cable-stayed bridge

In a wind-vehicle-bridge(WVB) system,there are various interactions among wind,vehicle and bridge.The mechanism for coupling vibration of wind-vehicle-bridge systems is explored to demonstrate the effects of fundamental factors,such as mean wind,fluctuating wind,buffeting,rail irregularities,light rail vehicle vibration and bridge stiffness.A long cable-stayed bridge which carries light rail traffic is regarded as a numerical example.Firstly,a finite element model is built for the long cable-stayed bridge.The deck can generally be idealized as three-dimensional spine beam while cables are modeled as truss elements.Vehicles are modeled as mass-spring-damper systems.Rail irregularities and wind fluctuation are simulated in time domain by spectrum representation method.Then,aerodynamic loads on vehicle and bridge deck are measured by section model wind tunnel tests.Eight vertical and torsional flutter derivatives of bridge deck are identified by weighting ensemble least-square method.Finally,dynamic responses of the WVB system are analyzed in a series of cases.The results show that the accelerations of the vehicle are excited by the fluctuating wind and the track irregularity to a great extent.The transverse forces of wheel axles mainly depend on the track irregularity.The displacements of the bridge are predominantly determined by the mean wind and restricted by its stiffness.And the accelerations of the bridge are enlarged after adding the fluctuating wind.

Parameter optimization for improved aerodynamic performance of louver-type wind barrier for train-bridge system

To improve the safety of trains running in an undesirable wind environment,a novel louver-type wind barrier is proposed and further studied in this research using a scaled wind tunnel simulation with 1:40 scale models.Based on the aerodynamic performance of the train-bridge system,the parameters of the louver-type wind barrier are optimized.Compared to the case without a wind barrier,it is apparent that the wind barrier improves the running safety of trains,since the maximum reduction of the moment coefficient of the train reaches 58%using the louver-type wind barrier,larger than that achieved with conventional wind barriers(fence-type and grid-type).A louver-type wind barrier has more blade layers,and the rotation angle of the adjustable blade of the louver-type wind barrier is 90–180°(which induces the flow towards the deck surface),which is more favorable for the aerodynamic performance of the train.Comparing the 60°,90°and 120°wind fairings of the louver-type wind barrier blade,the blunt fairing is disadvantageous to the operational safety of the train.

Review of aerodynamics of high-speed train-bridge system in crosswinds

Serviceability and running safety of the high-speed train on/through a bridge are of major concern in China. Due to the uncertainty chain of the train dynamic analysis in crosswinds originating mainly from the aerodynamic assessment, this paper primarily reviews five meaningful progresses on the aerodynamics of the train-bridge system done by Wind Tunnel Laboratory of Central South University in the past several years. Firstly, the flow around the train and the uncertainty origin of the aerodynamic assessment are described from the fluid mechanism point of view. After a brief introduction of the current aerodynamic assessment methods with their strengths and weaknesses, a new-developed TRAIN-INFRASTRUCTURE rig with the maximum launch speed of 35 m/s is introduced. Then, several benchmark studies are presented, including the statistic results of the characterized geometry parameters of the currently utilized bridge-decks, the aerodynamics of the train, and the aerodynamics of the flat box/truss bridge-decks. Upon compared with the foregoing mentioned benchmarks, this paper highlights the aerodynamic interference of the train-bridge system associated with its physical natures. Finally, a porosity-and orientation-adjustable novel wind barrier with its effects on the aerodynamics of the train-bridge system is discussed.

Spatial gust impact analysis on safety and comfort of a train crossing cable-stayed bridge combining statistical method

In order to study the safety and the comfort of high-speed trains running on a single-tower cable-stayed bridge under spatial gust,a dynamic model of wind-train-bridge analysis model is built based on the autoregressive method,the multi-body dynamics method and the finite element method.On this basis,the influence of spatial gust model loading,the suspension parameters change,wind attack angle and speed on the train-bridge system are analyzed by combining the time/frequency domain analysis and statistical methods.The results show that the spatial gust environment is one of the most important factors affecting safety and comfort and can make the calculation result tend to be conservative and more conducive.The response changes caused by K_(py),K_(px) and K_(sx) changes are nearly linear,while Ksy shows nonlinear characteristics and the most sensitivity.Wind attack angle at 75°and 90°has the greatest influence on the vehicle-bridge system.For ride comfort index,when pre-set wind speed(α=75°)reaches 20 m/s,the vertical acceleration firstly exceeds the limit value;when wind speed(α=90°)reaches 21.5 m/s,the lateral acceleration firstly exceeds the limit value,and the ride comfort of the vehicle cannot be guaranteed.For running safety index,when pre-set wind speed(α=75°)reaches 24.6 m/s,the wheel unloading coefficient firstly exceeds the limit;when pre-set wind speed(α=90°)reaches 24.5 m/s,the derailment coefficient firstly exceeds the limit,and the running safety cannot be guaranteed.The results can provide a suitable reference for the safe and stable operation of trains on the bridge.

Effects of sudden change in wind loads on running performance of trains on a highway-railway one-story bridge in crosswinds

To investigate the effects of sudden change in wind loads on the running performance of trains on the bridge in crosswinds,a highway-railway one-story bridge was taken as the research object.Aerodynamic coefficients of the train and the bridge were measured in a series of train-bridge system segment models through wind tunnel tests when two trains passed each other on the bridge and when a train entered and left the wind barrier section of the bridge.Based on the improved SIMPACK and ANSYS rigid-flexible coupling simulation method,a wind-double train-track-bridge system coupled vibration model was established.The dynamic responses of the train were analyzed under the effects of sudden change in wind loads caused by two trains passing each other and a train entering and leaving the wind barrier section of the bridge.The results show that the effects of sudden wind load change caused by the trains passing each other had less effects on the running safety of the leeward-side train than the wind shielding effect caused by the windward-side train in the wind speed range of 10−25 m/s.With the decrease in the porosity of wind barriers,the effects of the sudden wind load change played an increasingly important role in the running safety and comfort of the train.With the increase in wind speed,the lateral response of the train increased obviously because of the effects of sudden wind load change,which affects both the lateral running stability and the comfort of the train.

Scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under combined action of service and extreme seismic loads

Foundation scour is an important cause for structural failure of sea-crossing bridges. Usually, the sea-crossing bridges operate under the harsh natural environment in which service wind, wave and vehicle loads are stronger and extreme loads such as earthquake, hurricane, and ship collision, are more frequent. As a result of the foundation scour,the dynamic behavior of bridge under different combined action of service and extreme loads may be further escalated.In particular, this work has investigated the scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under service wind, wave and vehicle loads as well as extreme seismic loads. The dynamic coupled earthquake-wind-wave-vehicle-bridge(EWWVB) system is established by considering the interactions within the system, and the p-y curve method is used to calculate the loaddisplacement relation of the pile and soil under various levels of foundation scour. After that, a case study has been performed on a cable-stayed bridge with foundation scour. The results indicate that the dynamic characteristics of bridge structure will change after considering bridge scour, and the dynamic responses of bridge and vehicle will be affected to different degrees under service and seismic loads considering bridge scour.

Effects of wind barriers on the aerodynamic characteristics of bridge-train system for a road-rail same-story truss bridge

Wind barriers are commonly adopted to prevent the effects of wind on high-speed railway trains,but their wind-proofing effects are greatly affected by substructures.To investigate the effects of wind barriers on the aerodynamic characteristic of road-rail same-story truss bridge-train systems,wind tunnel experiments were carried out using a 1:50 scale model.Taking a wind barrier with a porosity of 30%as an example,the aerodynamic characteristics of the bridge train system under different wind barrier layouts(single-sided and double-sided),positions(inside and outside)and heights(2.5 m,3.0 m,3.5 m and 4.0 m)were tested.The results indicate that the downstream inside wind barrier has almost no effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of the train-bridge system,but the downstream outside wind barrier increases the drag coefficient of the bridge and reduces both the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of the train due to its effect on the trains wind pressure distribution,especially on the trains leeward surface.When the wind barriers are arranged on the outside,their effects on the drag coefficient of the bridge and shielding effect on the train are greater than when they are arranged on the inside.As the height of the wind barrier increases,the drag coefficient of the bridge also gradually increases,and the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of the train gradually decrease,but the degree of variation of the aerodynamic coefficient with the height is slightly different due to the different wind barrier layouts.When 3.0 m high double-sided wind barriers are arranged on the outside of the truss bridge,the drag coefficient of the bridge only increases by 12%,while the drag coefficient of the train decreases by 55%.

Aerodynamic interference effects between a triple-box girder and trains on aerodynamic forces and vortex-induced vibration

Wind tunnel tests were carried out to investigate the aerodynamic interference between a triple-box girder and trains,involving static aerodynamic forces and vortex-induced vibrations(VIVs).Static and dynamic sectional models of the girder and trains were employed for aerodynamic force measurement and VIV test,respectively.Results indicate that the aerodynamic interference effect on static aerodynamic forces of both the girder and trains is remarkable.When a single train exists,the horizontal position of the train has a small effect on aerodynamic coefficients of the girder.When two trains meet on the girder,the drag coefficient of the girder is significantly reduced compared with that of without train or with a single train;besides,during the whole meeting process,aerodynamic forces of the leeward train first drop and then increase suddenly.The fluctuation of aerodynamic force could cause redundant vibration of the train,which is unfavorable for safety and comfort.A train on the girder could worsen the girder VIV performance:a new vertical VIV appears in the triple-box girder when a train is on the girder,and the torsional VIV amplitude increases significantly when the train is on the windward side.

Wind tunnel test on aerodynamic effect of wind barriers on train-bridge system

To investigate the aerodynamic effect of wind barriers on a high-speed train-bridge system,a sectional model test was conducted in a closed-circuit-type wind tunnel.Several different cases,including with and without barriers,with different barrier heights and porosity rates,and with different train arrangements on the bridge were taken into consideration;in addition,the aerodynamic coefficients of the train-bridge system were measured.It is found that the side force and rolling moment coefficients of the vehicle are efficiently reduced by a single-side wind barrier,but for the bridge deck these values are increased.The height and porosity rate of the barrier are two important factors that influence the windbreak effect.Train arrangement on the bridge will considerably influence the aerodynamic properties of the train-bridge system.The side force and rolling moment coefficients of the vehicle at the windward side are larger than at the leeward side.