A hybrid ventilation scheme applied to bidirectional excavation tunnel construction with a long inclined shaft

The breakage and bending of ducts result in a difficulty to cope with ventilation issues in bidirectional excavation tunnels with a long inclined shaft using a single ventilation method based on ducts.To discuss the hybrid ventilation system applied in bidirectional excavation tunnels with a long inclined shaft,this study has established a full-scale computational fluid dynamics model based on field tests,the Poly-Hexcore method,and the sliding mesh technique.The distribution of wind speed,temperature field,and CO in the tunnel are taken as indices to compare the ventilation efficiency of three ventilation systems(duct,duct-ventilation shaft,duct–ventilated shaft-axial fan).The results show that the hybrid ventilation scheme based on duct-ventilation shaft–axial fan performs the best among the three ventilation systems.Compared to the duct,the wind speed and cooling rate in the tunnel are enhanced by 7.5%–30.6%and 14.1%–17.7%,respectively,for the duct-vent shaft-axial fan condition,and the volume fractions of CO are reduced by 26.9%–73.9%.This contributes to the effective design of combined ventilation for bidirectional excavation tunnels with an inclined shaft,ultimately improving the air quality within the tunnel.

65t/h煤粉锅炉改造设计研究

本文通过锅炉设计技术措施研究，以及改造后锅炉热力计算和烟风动力计算从技术上完善了将65 t/h煤粉锅炉改造成65 t/h抛煤机倒转链条炉排锅炉的设计。

Application of jet main region specification model in CFD simulation for room air movement analysis

This paper analyzes the applications of four air terminal device（ATD）models（i.e.,the basic model,the box model,the N-point momentum model,the jet main region specification model）in computational fluid dynamics（CFD）simulation and their performance in case study.A full-scale experiment is performed in an environment chamber,and the measured air velocity and temperature fields are compared with the simulation results by using four ATD models.The velocity and temperature fields are measured by an omni-directional thermo-anemometer system.It demonstrates that the basic model and the box model are not applicable to complicated air terminal devices.At the occupant area,the relative errors between simulated and measured air velocities are less than 20% based on the N-point momentum model and the jet main region specification model.Around the ATD zone,the relative error between the numerical and measured air velocity based on the jet main region specification model is less than 15%.The jet main region specification model is proved to be an applicable approach and a more accurate way to study the airflow pattern around the ATD with complicated geometry.

Dynamic behaviors and mitigation measures of a train passing through windbreak transitions from ground to cutting

In this paper,the effects of a right-angle windbreak transition(RWT)from the flat ground to cutting on train aerodynamic and dynamic responses were investigated,then a mitigation measure,an oblique structure transition(OST)was proposed to reduce the impact of RWT on the train aerodynamic and dynamic performance.The results showed that in the RWT region,the airflow was divided into two parts.One part of the airflow induced a strong backflow in the flat ground position,and the other part of the airflow induced a strong backflow in the cutting position.Therefore,there were two lateral impacts on the train.For the head car with the OST,the drop ratios of the peak-to-peak values compared with RWT were 47%,40%,and 52%for the side force coefficient C_(Fy),lift force coefficient C_(Fz) and overturning moment coefficient C_(Mx),respectively.For the peak-to-peak value of the dynamic parameters,the drop ratios of OST compared with RWT were all larger than 50%.The maximum dynamic overturning coefficients for RWT and OST were 0.75 and 0.3,respectively.

Prediction and optimization of aerodynamic noise in an automotive air conditioning centrifugal fan

The high aerodynamic noise induced by automotive air conditioning systems has important effects on the ride comfort, and the centrifugal fan is the largest noise source in these systems. It is very important to reduce the aerodynamic noise generated by the centrifugal fan. The flow field and the sound field on the whole centrifugal fan configuration have been carried out using the computational fluid dynamics. Simulation results show that the sound pressure level near the outlet of the centrifugal fan is too high. Based on the relationship between flow characteristics and the aerodynamic noise, four parameters of the centrifugal fan, i.e., impeller blade＇s outlet angle 0, volute tongue＇s gap t, collector inclination angle fl, and rotating speed n, were selected as design variables and optimized using response surface methodology. While keeping the function of flow rate unchanged, the peak noise level is reduced by 8 dB or 10.8%. The noise level is satisfactorily reduced.

Effect of floor level slit exhaust ventilation system on distribution of house dust

Based on the fact that the house dust usually falls on the ground, the floor level slit exhaust ventilation system including inlet located at the ceiling and outlet of slit exhaust installed at comer between wall and floor was considered. Experiments and simulations were performed to investigate the flow and diffusion fields that are affected by this floor level slit exhaust ventilation system. The characteristics of airflow with experiments and computation fluid dynamics （CFD） are generally similar except airflow at the location of impinging flow and the location right below the inlet. Riboflavin particles were used as the house dust. For the spatial distribution of riboflavin particles in the ventilation system before operation, due to the influence of gravity, different sizes of particles show smooth decay curve. After floor level slit exhaust ventilation system is operated, the decay rate of the particles becomes faster than that after the ventilation system is powered on, and the particles with diameter of 0.5-3.0 μm in the experimental data and calculated values show good agreement.

Fluent-based numerical simulation of flow centrifugal fan

Testing centrifugal fan flow field by physical laboratory is difficult because the testing system is complex and the workload is heavy, and the results observed by naked-eye deviates far from the actual value. To address this problem, the computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT was applied to establish three-dimensional model of the centrifugal fan. The numeral model was verified by comparing simulation data to experimental data. The pressure centrifugal fan and the speed changes in distribution in centrifugal fan was simulated by computational fluid dynamics soft-ware FLUENT. The simulation results show that the gas flow velocity in the impeller increases with impeller radius increase. Static pressure gradually increases when gas from the fan access is imported through fan impeller leaving fans.

Ventilation and climate simulation with the Multiflux code

Multiflux, a new thermal, hydrologic, and airflow model and software was being employed to solve the flow of heat, moisture, and air in and around an underground opening. The airway domain was solved with an integrated-parameter Computational Fluid Dynamic （CFD） module, which is an embedded part of the Multiflux code. The CFD model includes convection, conduction, and radiation for heat, as well as convection and diffusion for moist-ure transport in an air-filled opening. The surrounding rockmass model may be from any analytical solution, or from a complex thermal-hydrologic numerical model such as NUFT or TOUGH2. The rockmass model is interfaced to Multiflux using a novel technique called Numerical Transport Code Functionalization （NTCF）. The purpose was to briefly describe the Multiflux model and show four example applications. The first example reports the results of Multiflux simulations for a mine drift, comparing calculations with CLIMSIM, a well known mine climate software, and with measured data. The second and third examples involve development ends in two coal mines. Another development-end ventilation model in Multiflux is also shown as the 4th example compared with field measurements from the Lucky Friday Mine in Idaho, USA for comparison.The results of the study show very good agreement between the Multiflux model and the available measured field results.

Building Effects on a Horizontal-Axis Micro Wind Turbine： Experimental and Fluid-Dynamic Analysis

In this work, the efficiency ofa 1 kWp horizontal-axis wind turbine which is installed on the roof of the engineering building at the University of Salento has been evaluated, by means of CFD （computational fluid dynamic） and experimental data. Particularly, the influence of the building on the micro wind turbine performance has been studied and the numerical results （wind velocity fields and turbulence intensity above the building） have been compared with the experimental data collected over a period of three years. The results have shown that horizontal-axis wind turbines suffer from wake effect due to buildings, therefore, best sites in urban area have to be identified by a careful fluid dynamic analysis aimed at evaluating all causes that can reduce significantly the performance of the generator： in fact, building should allow to exploit increased wind intensity, but often this advantage is voided by turbulence phenomena, as in the case under investigation where the measured aerogenerator efficiency is lower than the nominal performance curve. Then, the best site can be found by crossing the contours of wind velocity with the turbulence intensity fields： in this way it is possible to localize an area （best location） where the aerogenerator can give maximum performance.

Measurement and Simulation of the Flow Field around a Triangular Lattice Meteorological Mast

The international standard IEC 61400-12-1 Wind turbines--Part 12-1： Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines＂ aims to provide a uniform methodology that will ensure consistency, accuracy and reproducibility in the measurement and analysis of power performance by wind turbines. Annex G of this standard provides a methodology for the appropriate arrangement of instruments on the meteorological mast to ensure accurate measurement. For cup anemometers it provides recommendations about their location relative to the mast so that the effect of mast and boom interference on their output may be minimised. These recommendations are given for both tubular masts and lattice masts. This paper compares the flow distortion predicted by the IEC standard and the results of a 3D CFD （computational fluid dynamics） simulation of a triangular lattice mast. Based on the results of wind tunnel and CFD simulation it was found that the flow distortion surrounding the lattice mast was overpredicted by the method suggested in appendix G oflEC61400-12-1. Using the CFD data it was possible to determine, for a range of flow directions and mast heights, the distance from the mast that anemometers would need to be in order to be outside the flow distortion field.

An Airfoil Parameterization Method for the Representation and Optimization of Wind Turbine Special Airfoil

A new airfoil shape parameterization method is developed, which extended the Bezier curve to the generalized form with adjustable shape parameters. The local control parameters at airfoil leading and trailing edge regions are enhanced, where have significant effect on the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine. The results show this improved parameterization method has advantages in the fitting characteristics of geometry shape and aero- dynamic performance comparing with other three common airfoil parameterization methods. The new paramete- rization method is then applied to airfoil shape optimization for wind turbine using Genetic Algorithm （GA）, and the wind turbine special airfoil, DU93-W-210, is optimized to achieve the favorable C1/Cd at specified flow con- ditions. The aerodynamic characteristic of the optimum airfoil is obtained by solving the RANS equations in computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method, and the optimization convergence curves show that the new para- meterization method has good convergence rate in less number of generations comparing with other methods. It is concluded that the new method not only has well controllability and completeness in airfoil shape representation and provides more flexibility in expressing the airfoil geometry shape, but also is capable to find efficient and op- timal wind turbine airfoil. Additionally, it is shown that a suitable parameterization method is helpful for improv- ing the convergence rate of the optimization algorithm.

A CFD/CSD model for aeroelastic calculations of large-scale wind turbines

In this paper,a CFD/CSD model coupling N-S equations and structural equations of motion in the time domain is described for aeroelastic analysis of large wind turbines.The structural modes of blades are analyzed with one-dimensional beam models.By combining point matched sliding grid for wind turbine rotation and deforming grid for structural vibrations,a hybrid dynamic grid strategy is designed for the multi-block structured grid system of a wind turbine.The dual time-stepping approach and finite volume scheme are applied to the three-dimensional unsteady preconditioned N-S equations,and DES approach is employed to simulate the unsteady massively separated flows.A modal approach is adopted to calculate the structural response,and a predictor-corrector scheme is used to solve the structural equations of motion.CFD and CSD solvers are tightly coupled via successive iterations within each physical time step.As a result,a time-domain CFD/CSD model for aeroelastic analysis of a large wind turbine is achieved.The presented method is applied to the NH1500 large wind turbine under the rated condition,and the calculated aeroelastic characteristics agree well with those of the prescribed vortex wake method.

A computational fluid dynamics model for wind simulation:model implementation and experimental validation

To provide physically based wind modelling for wind erosion research at regional scale, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wind model was developed. The model was programmed in C language based on the Navier-Stokes equations, and it is freely available as open source. Integrated with the spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT), the wind model has convenient input preparation and powerful output visualization. To validate the wind model, a series of experiments was con- ducted in a wind tunnel. A blocking inflow experiment was designed to test the performance of the model on simulation of basic fluid processes. A round obstacle experiment was designed to check if the model could simulate the influences of the obstacle on wind field. Results show that measured and simulated wind fields have high correlations, and the wind model can simulate both the basic processes of the wind and the influences of the obstacle on the wind field. These results show the high reliability of the wind model. A digital elevation model (DEM) of an area (3800 m long and 1700 m wide) in the Xilingele grassland in Inner Mongolia (autonomous region, China) was applied to the model, and a 3D wind field has been successfully generated. The clear imple- mentation of the model and the adequate validation by wind tunnel experiments laid a solid foundation for the prediction and assessment of wind erosion at regional scale.

Some important aspects of wind-resistant studies on long-span bridges

In recent years many long-span bridges have been or are being constructed in the world, especially in China. Wind loads and responses are the key factors for their structural design. This paper introduces some important achievements of wind-resistant studies of the author's research team on long-span bridges. First, new concepts and identification methods of aerodynamic derivatives and aerodynamic admittances were proposed. Then mechanical and aerodynamic control strategies and methods of wind-induced vibrations of long-span bridges were the great concerned problems, and valuable achievements were presented. Especially, great efforts which have been theoretically and experimentally made on rain-wind induced vibration of cables of cable-stayed bridges were described. Finally, some new progresses in computation wind engineering were introduced, and a new method for simulating an equilibrium boundary layer was put forward as well.

Effect of Tip Flange on Tip Leakage Flow of Small Axial Flow Fans

Aerodynamic performance of an axial flow fan is closely related to its tip clearance leakage flow. In this paper, the hot-wire anemometer is used to measure the three dimensional mean velocity near the blade tips. Moreover, the filtered N-S equations with finite volume method and RNG k-s turbulence model are adopted to carry out the steady simulation calculation of several fans that differ only in tip flange shape and number. The large eddy simulation and the FW-H noise models are adopted to carry out the unsteady numerical calculation and aerodynamic noise prediction. The results of simulation calculation agree roughly with that of tests, which proves the numerical calculation method is feasible.The effects of tip flange shapes and numbers on the blade tip vortex structure and the characteristics are analyzed. The results show that tip flange of the fan has a certain influence on the characteristics of the fan. The maximum efficiencies for the fans with tip flanges are shifted towards partial flow with respect to the design point of the dattun fan. Furthermore, the noise characteristics for the fans with tip flanges have become more deteriorated than that for the datum fan. Tip flange contributes to forming tip vortex shedding and the effect of the half-cylinder tip flange on tip vortex shedding is obvious. There is a distinct rela- tionship between the characteristics of the fan and tip vortex shedding.The research results provide the profitable reference for the internal flow mechanism of the performance optimization of small axial flow fans.

A parameter-free upwind scheme for all speeds' simulations

With the rapid development of the computational fluid dynamics(CFD),a parameter-free upwind scheme capable of simulating all speeds accurately and efficiently is in high demand.To achieve this goal,we present a new upwind scheme called AUSMPWM in this paper.This scheme computes the numerical mass flux as the AUSMPW+and computes the interfacial sound speed in a different way.Also,it computes the pressure flux by limiting the dissipation if the Mach number is less than 1.Series of numerical experiments show that AUSMPWM can satisfy the following attractive properties independent of any tuning coefficient:(1)Robustness against the shock anomaly and high discontinuity’s resolution;(2)high accuracy on hypersonic heating prediction and capability to give smooth reproductions of heating profiles;(3)low dissipation at low speeds;and(4)strong grid,reconstruction scheme,and Mach number independence in low speeds’simulations.These properties suggest that AUSMPWM is promising to be widely used to accurately and efficiently simulate flows of all speeds.

Prediction of Aerodynamic Noise in a Ring Fan Based on Wake Characteristics

A ring fan is a propeller fan that applies an axial-flow impeller with a ring-shaped shroud on the blade tip side. In this study, the entire flow field of the ring fan is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD); the accuracy of the CFD is verified through a comparison with the aerodynamic characteristics of a propeller fan of current model. Moreover, the aerodynamic noise generated by the fan is predicted on the basis of the wake characteristics. The aerodynamic characteristic of the ring fan based on CFD can represent qualitatively the variation in the measured value. The main flow domain of the ring fan is formed at the tip side of the blade because blade tip vortex is not formed at that location. Therefore, the relative velocity of the ring fan is increased by the circumferential velocity. The sound pressure levels of the ring fan within the frequency band of less than 200 Hz are larger than that of the propeller fan. In the analysis of the wake characteristics, it revealed that Karman vortex shedding occurred in the main flow domain in the frequency domain lower than 200 Hz ; the aerodynamic noise of the ring fan in the vortex shedding frequency enlarges due to increase in the relative velocity and the velocity fluctuation.

Investigations on Several Mechanical Problems in Windblown Sand Movement

It is very necessary for investigation on mechanism of windblown sand movement to understand and find out effective measures of preventing and reducing windblown sand, This also deals with some general features and hot spots in the scientific forelands. such as multi-scale problems. interactions among. multi-physical-fields, randomness and nonlinearity as well as complex systems. In recent years, a series of experiments in wind tunnels and theoretical modeling as well as computer simulation have been taken by our research group （the Laboratory of Environmental Mechanics on Windblown Sand Movement in Lanzhou University ）in a cross-disciplinary （mechanics and geography） viewpoint. Several original and essential studies were explored such as the main regularities of charges on sand particles, the mechanisms of electric field in windblown sand flux, the effects induced by the electric field on the flux, the microwave propagations, the evolution process of windblown and flux under mutual couple interations among several physical fields, and the simulation of the main features of Aeolian sand ripples.

Performance Analyses for a Cyclone Type Filter

Flow characteristics inside a cyclone filter were investigated by the use of computational fluid dynamics(CFD). For computations, SST model was adopted. Parametric study was carried out considering the filtering performance. Revolution speeds were changed from 100 to 550 with 50 increments. A skirt is the driving source for cyclone operation. The influence of several design factors, such as the skirt length, the skirt gap and the return length to filtering performance was investigated under the particle diameter 100μm of debris material(Al, s.g.=2.7). The filtering performance was also investigated with the skirt length 28 mm changing the debris diameters from 1μm to 50μm. The flow rate of the working fluid was maintained at 0.55kg/s. It has been verified that the most influential factors to the filtering efficiencies was the skirt gap between the cyclone generator and the cyclone vessel.

Design of Off-statistics Axial-flow Fans by Means of Vortex Law Optimization

Off-statistics input data sets are common in axial-flow fans design and may easily result in some violation of the requirements of a good aerodynamic blade design.In order to circumvent this problem,in the present paper,a solution to the radial equilibrium equation is found which minimizes the outlet kinetic energy and fulfills the aerodynamic constraints,thus ensuring that the resulting blade has acceptable aerodynamic performance.The presented method is based on the optimization of a three-parameters vortex law and of the meridional channel size.The aerodynamic quantities to be employed as constraints are individuated and their suitable ranges of variation are proposed.The method is validated by means of a design with critical input data values and CFD analysis.Then,by means of systematic computations with different input data sets,some correlations and charts are obtained which are analogous to classic correlations based on statistical investigations on existing machines.Such new correlations help size a fan of given characteristics as well as study the feasibility of a given design.