Monitoring and assessment of monuments of cultural heritage is just a small part of all measures necessary for their protection and preservation. Many of these monuments are built of stone and the binder used to bond ...Monitoring and assessment of monuments of cultural heritage is just a small part of all measures necessary for their protection and preservation. Many of these monuments are built of stone and the binder used to bond the construction blocks after a lengthy period of time loses its properties. The loss of binding material or changes in its properties substantially endangers the stability of the monuments thus constituting a menace not only for the visitors, but also for the conservation work. One of such monuments is the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Egypt. In this pyramid different artificial compositions are used as binder and its application in different areas of the pyramid is uneven and almost undistinguishable. Currently it is only possible to appraise the state of preservation of the mortar as a result of weathering process. This research allows identifying up to six weathering types and their intensities. This typology was developed on several sample areas verifying its validity in situ. Since there is no possibility to carry out direct instrumental measurements or take any samples, the classification developed is just empirical and not general. However, it provides relevant support for the development of conservation plans.展开更多
This study has examined the temporal variation in monthly, seasonal & annual precipitation over the Western Himalayan Region(WHR) and the influence of global teleconnections, like the North Atlantic Oscillation(NA...This study has examined the temporal variation in monthly, seasonal & annual precipitation over the Western Himalayan Region(WHR) and the influence of global teleconnections, like the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) and Southern Oscillation(SO) Indices on seasonal & annual precipitation. The Mann–Kendall non-parametric test is applied for trend detection and the Pettitt–Mann–Whitney test is used to detect possible shift. Maximum entropy spectral analysis is applied to find the periodicity in annual & seasonal precipitation. The study shows a non-significant decreasing trend in annual precipitation over WHR for the period 1857-2006. However, in seasonal precipitation, a significant decreasing trend is observed in monsoon and a significant increasing trend in post-monsoon season during the same period. The significant decrease in monsoon precipitation may be due to weakening of its teleconnection with NAO as well as SO Indices mainly during last three decades. It is observed that the probable change of year in annual & monsoon precipitation over WHR is 1979. The study also shows significant periodicities of 2.3-2.9 years and of 3.9-4.7 years in annual & seasonal precipitation over WHR.展开更多
In Jewish City in Casimir--historical district of Cracow, Jewish culture manifested its original architectural style based mostly on specific detail. Perception of this type of architectural detail depends, basically,...In Jewish City in Casimir--historical district of Cracow, Jewish culture manifested its original architectural style based mostly on specific detail. Perception of this type of architectural detail depends, basically, on knowledge of the Jewish culture. Proper understanding of meaning of the Jewish architectural detail depends on complex relations between Jewish tangible and intangible culture. Nowadays, it is especially important, according to relatively fast revitalization of the district. All renovation works require specific approach taking into account differences based on cultural diversity. Moreover, the understanding of the Jewish architectural detail is strictly connected with both history of Jews and Poles. One thousand years of cohabitation allowed to understand the economical and, partially, social differences, but not cultural at whole. The main aim of the article is to present chosen cultural and non-cultural factors, affecting the perception of the Jewish architectural detail in Casimir.展开更多
For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not s...For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not strange. It plays an important role in studying different languages. Language is the carrier of culture and the main manifestation of culture. Language is developing with the development of a nation, it is an integral part of national culture, history, customs and local customs and practices, the nation＇s culture and social customs are also in the national language to show. The different historical background and development process leads to great difference exists in Western languages. With mutual understanding and deepen, the conflict in western culture are increasing. Language is the primary from of communication. And the use of language and culture are closely related. So ＂differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in English language＂ has become the important topic of intercultural communication.展开更多
The preservation of historical and cultural heritage from seismic risk is a question of interest in Italy. However, too little has been done to deal with this problem. First of all, the seismic safety of cultural heri...The preservation of historical and cultural heritage from seismic risk is a question of interest in Italy. However, too little has been done to deal with this problem. First of all, the seismic safety of cultural heritage should be a topic of prevention. The research described in the paper presents a multi-approach procedure to address risk assessment of large-scale urban systems with the aim to contribute at the development of risk mitigation policies for historical centers buildings. The observation of the earthquakes effects in Italy clearly highlights the role of the high vulnerability of the existing building on the consequences in terms of casualties and damage, rather than the severity of seismic events, especially in historical contexts. Unlike the new buildings which should be planned and designed to respect seismic safety requirements, existing buildings require a careful safety assessment on the basis of their susceptibility to damage which depends on building techniques, past damage events, maintenance, changes, etc.展开更多
The inner shelf mud wedge of the East China Sea(ECS) is a high-sedimentation-rate fine-grained sediment unit that has preserved a continuous environmental evolution history since the last deglaciation. We present a hi...The inner shelf mud wedge of the East China Sea(ECS) is a high-sedimentation-rate fine-grained sediment unit that has preserved a continuous environmental evolution history since the last deglaciation. We present a high-resolution clay mineralogical study from Core MD06-3040 to semi-quantitatively evaluate terrigenous sediment contributions from various potential provenances throughout the Holocene. The results showed that the clay mineral assemblage is composed of dominant illite(34–49%), moderate smectite(16–41%) and chlorite(15–28%), and minor kaolinite(5–12%). Provenance analysis suggested that most fine-grained terrigenous sediments originated from the Yangtze River, with minor sediments derived from Taiwan island and negligible sediments from nearby Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. Time series variation in the contribution of the Yangtze source fluctuated in the range of 38–80%, whereas that of Taiwan island had a converse variation pattern from ~10%to ~55%, and the contribution of Fujian was relatively stable in the range of 7–11% throughout the Holocene. The fluctuations of clay mineral assemblages and variations of clay mineral contributions from different provenances of Core MD06-3040 were controlled by the variability of precipitation in the Yangtze drainage associated with periodic fluctuations in the East Asian monsoonal circulation.展开更多
文摘Monitoring and assessment of monuments of cultural heritage is just a small part of all measures necessary for their protection and preservation. Many of these monuments are built of stone and the binder used to bond the construction blocks after a lengthy period of time loses its properties. The loss of binding material or changes in its properties substantially endangers the stability of the monuments thus constituting a menace not only for the visitors, but also for the conservation work. One of such monuments is the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Egypt. In this pyramid different artificial compositions are used as binder and its application in different areas of the pyramid is uneven and almost undistinguishable. Currently it is only possible to appraise the state of preservation of the mortar as a result of weathering process. This research allows identifying up to six weathering types and their intensities. This typology was developed on several sample areas verifying its validity in situ. Since there is no possibility to carry out direct instrumental measurements or take any samples, the classification developed is just empirical and not general. However, it provides relevant support for the development of conservation plans.
文摘This study has examined the temporal variation in monthly, seasonal & annual precipitation over the Western Himalayan Region(WHR) and the influence of global teleconnections, like the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) and Southern Oscillation(SO) Indices on seasonal & annual precipitation. The Mann–Kendall non-parametric test is applied for trend detection and the Pettitt–Mann–Whitney test is used to detect possible shift. Maximum entropy spectral analysis is applied to find the periodicity in annual & seasonal precipitation. The study shows a non-significant decreasing trend in annual precipitation over WHR for the period 1857-2006. However, in seasonal precipitation, a significant decreasing trend is observed in monsoon and a significant increasing trend in post-monsoon season during the same period. The significant decrease in monsoon precipitation may be due to weakening of its teleconnection with NAO as well as SO Indices mainly during last three decades. It is observed that the probable change of year in annual & monsoon precipitation over WHR is 1979. The study also shows significant periodicities of 2.3-2.9 years and of 3.9-4.7 years in annual & seasonal precipitation over WHR.
文摘In Jewish City in Casimir--historical district of Cracow, Jewish culture manifested its original architectural style based mostly on specific detail. Perception of this type of architectural detail depends, basically, on knowledge of the Jewish culture. Proper understanding of meaning of the Jewish architectural detail depends on complex relations between Jewish tangible and intangible culture. Nowadays, it is especially important, according to relatively fast revitalization of the district. All renovation works require specific approach taking into account differences based on cultural diversity. Moreover, the understanding of the Jewish architectural detail is strictly connected with both history of Jews and Poles. One thousand years of cohabitation allowed to understand the economical and, partially, social differences, but not cultural at whole. The main aim of the article is to present chosen cultural and non-cultural factors, affecting the perception of the Jewish architectural detail in Casimir.
文摘For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not strange. It plays an important role in studying different languages. Language is the carrier of culture and the main manifestation of culture. Language is developing with the development of a nation, it is an integral part of national culture, history, customs and local customs and practices, the nation＇s culture and social customs are also in the national language to show. The different historical background and development process leads to great difference exists in Western languages. With mutual understanding and deepen, the conflict in western culture are increasing. Language is the primary from of communication. And the use of language and culture are closely related. So ＂differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in English language＂ has become the important topic of intercultural communication.
文摘The preservation of historical and cultural heritage from seismic risk is a question of interest in Italy. However, too little has been done to deal with this problem. First of all, the seismic safety of cultural heritage should be a topic of prevention. The research described in the paper presents a multi-approach procedure to address risk assessment of large-scale urban systems with the aim to contribute at the development of risk mitigation policies for historical centers buildings. The observation of the earthquakes effects in Italy clearly highlights the role of the high vulnerability of the existing building on the consequences in terms of casualties and damage, rather than the severity of seismic events, especially in historical contexts. Unlike the new buildings which should be planned and designed to respect seismic safety requirements, existing buildings require a careful safety assessment on the basis of their susceptibility to damage which depends on building techniques, past damage events, maintenance, changes, etc.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91528304, 41530964 & 41676028)
文摘The inner shelf mud wedge of the East China Sea(ECS) is a high-sedimentation-rate fine-grained sediment unit that has preserved a continuous environmental evolution history since the last deglaciation. We present a high-resolution clay mineralogical study from Core MD06-3040 to semi-quantitatively evaluate terrigenous sediment contributions from various potential provenances throughout the Holocene. The results showed that the clay mineral assemblage is composed of dominant illite(34–49%), moderate smectite(16–41%) and chlorite(15–28%), and minor kaolinite(5–12%). Provenance analysis suggested that most fine-grained terrigenous sediments originated from the Yangtze River, with minor sediments derived from Taiwan island and negligible sediments from nearby Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. Time series variation in the contribution of the Yangtze source fluctuated in the range of 38–80%, whereas that of Taiwan island had a converse variation pattern from ~10%to ~55%, and the contribution of Fujian was relatively stable in the range of 7–11% throughout the Holocene. The fluctuations of clay mineral assemblages and variations of clay mineral contributions from different provenances of Core MD06-3040 were controlled by the variability of precipitation in the Yangtze drainage associated with periodic fluctuations in the East Asian monsoonal circulation.
