在地质历史时期,大陆化学风化作为一种调节气候的负反馈机制,是维持“宜居地球”的关键。然而,地质记录中的证据显示,新生代以来气温逐渐下降,而大陆化学风化却逐渐增加,对这一机制提出了挑战。深入研究化学风化和温度的关系成为解答这...在地质历史时期,大陆化学风化作为一种调节气候的负反馈机制,是维持“宜居地球”的关键。然而,地质记录中的证据显示,新生代以来气温逐渐下降,而大陆化学风化却逐渐增加,对这一机制提出了挑战。深入研究化学风化和温度的关系成为解答这一矛盾的关键,也是当前地球系统科学研究的热点。近期有研究显示,高纬极地地区虽然温度低,但其河流沉积物的化学蚀变指数(chemical index of alteration,CIA)却达到中等风化水平。因此,深入研究极地化学风化,可能是打开风化与温度之谜的关键钥匙。本文回顾了南北两极地区化学风化研究的主要进展和成果,并尝试总结极地地区化学风化的主要特征。南北两极不同的地理格局和地质背景决定了两极化学风化的差异。南极大陆由于冰盖覆盖缺乏河流,沉积物多为就近搬运和沉积;而北极地区周边大陆有众多大型河流,源-汇体系发育,水文条件和母岩属性决定了北极地区具有更强的沉积风化记录。相比低纬热带典型风化区域,目前对极地地区尤其是南极地区化学风化的研究仍十分欠缺,新兴地球化学分析开展的较少。在未来大陆风化研究中,重视和加强两极地区的化学风化研究有利于完善低温条件下的化学风化机理的探索;同时,在当今全球变暖和极地放大效应的影响下,研究极地的化学风化如何加速全球碳汇效应可以加深对全球气候变化理论的认识。展开更多
This article provides a survey of recently emerged methods for wind turbine control. Multivariate control approaches to the optimization of power capture and the reduction of loads in components under time-varying tur...This article provides a survey of recently emerged methods for wind turbine control. Multivariate control approaches to the optimization of power capture and the reduction of loads in components under time-varying turbulent wind fields have been under extensive investigation in recent years. We divide the related research activities into three categories： modeling and dynamics of wind turbines, active control of wind turbines, and passive control of wind turbines. Regarding turbine dynamics, we discuss the physical fundamentals and present the aeroelastic analysis tools. Regarding active control, we review pitch control, torque control, and yaw control strategies encompassing mathematical formulations as well as their applications toward different objectives. Our survey mostly focuses on blade pitch control, which is considered one of the key elements in facilitating load reduction while maintaining power capture performance. Regarding passive control, we review techniques such as tuned mass dampers, smart rotors, and microtabs. Possible future directions are suggested.展开更多
Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, mo...Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.展开更多
With the global economy and the intensification of market competition, more and more enterprises in the same industry to establish a new alliance---competitive strategic alliance. Competitive strategic alliance is not...With the global economy and the intensification of market competition, more and more enterprises in the same industry to establish a new alliance---competitive strategic alliance. Competitive strategic alliance is not only in the strategic choice of the existence of a potential to create value, but also the existence of synergy. Competition and cooperation between the two conflicting complex logic relations coexist in the competitive strategic alliances （CSA）. Therefore maintaining the relative stability of alliance is the premise and necessary condition of alliance to success. In this paper, on the basis of the literature review, we discuss the significance and principles of improving CSA＇s stability; in the way of case analysis and expert interviews construct the hierarchy analysis model of improving CSA＇s stability; and then further put forward a series of measures which can maintain the CSA＇s stability, such as strengthen the ability of technological innovation, protection and development of the core ability of the enterprise, to develop a coherent strategy alliance target, choose a suitable alliance partner, coordinate the corporate culture between partners, establish alliance risk prevention mechanism, and so on. It will provide theoretical support and practical guidance to relevant departments and relevant personnel in policy decision-making and problem-solving展开更多
Since Mollema and Antonellini observed compaction bands in the field in 1996,different patterns of compaction bands have been found in laboratory experiments.There are some discrepancies between the laboratory experim...Since Mollema and Antonellini observed compaction bands in the field in 1996,different patterns of compaction bands have been found in laboratory experiments.There are some discrepancies between the laboratory experiments and the field observations:compared to the field observation,the stress levels required to induce compaction bands in laboratory experiments are usually higher than the inferred in the field,and the grain crushing are more intense in the laboratory experiments.In this paper,compaction bands were observed at the maximal principal stresses below 8 MPa,which is lower than the stress level inferred in the field,and there was no severe comminution inside the compaction bands.Experimental results indicate that the porosity and confining pressure have great impacts on the types of localization bands.Lower porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of shear bands and high-angle shear bands.Higher porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of discrete compaction bands.Intermediate porosity and confining pressure are favorable for the growth of hybrid modes involving two of the three,i.e.,discrete compaction band,diffuse compaction band and high-angle shear band.The formation of discrete compaction bands is more unstable compared to diffuse compaction bands.The two types of compaction bands can appear in the same type rocks,and diffuse compaction bands are formed under lower confining pressure compared to discrete compaction bands.The reduction of permeability was within 2 orders of magnitude in this study,and it is 2 3 orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by other researchers.展开更多
文摘在地质历史时期,大陆化学风化作为一种调节气候的负反馈机制,是维持“宜居地球”的关键。然而,地质记录中的证据显示,新生代以来气温逐渐下降,而大陆化学风化却逐渐增加,对这一机制提出了挑战。深入研究化学风化和温度的关系成为解答这一矛盾的关键,也是当前地球系统科学研究的热点。近期有研究显示,高纬极地地区虽然温度低,但其河流沉积物的化学蚀变指数(chemical index of alteration,CIA)却达到中等风化水平。因此,深入研究极地化学风化,可能是打开风化与温度之谜的关键钥匙。本文回顾了南北两极地区化学风化研究的主要进展和成果,并尝试总结极地地区化学风化的主要特征。南北两极不同的地理格局和地质背景决定了两极化学风化的差异。南极大陆由于冰盖覆盖缺乏河流,沉积物多为就近搬运和沉积;而北极地区周边大陆有众多大型河流,源-汇体系发育,水文条件和母岩属性决定了北极地区具有更强的沉积风化记录。相比低纬热带典型风化区域,目前对极地地区尤其是南极地区化学风化的研究仍十分欠缺,新兴地球化学分析开展的较少。在未来大陆风化研究中,重视和加强两极地区的化学风化研究有利于完善低温条件下的化学风化机理的探索;同时,在当今全球变暖和极地放大效应的影响下,研究极地的化学风化如何加速全球碳汇效应可以加深对全球气候变化理论的认识。
基金This work is supported in part by the US National Science Foundation （CMM11300236）.
文摘This article provides a survey of recently emerged methods for wind turbine control. Multivariate control approaches to the optimization of power capture and the reduction of loads in components under time-varying turbulent wind fields have been under extensive investigation in recent years. We divide the related research activities into three categories： modeling and dynamics of wind turbines, active control of wind turbines, and passive control of wind turbines. Regarding turbine dynamics, we discuss the physical fundamentals and present the aeroelastic analysis tools. Regarding active control, we review pitch control, torque control, and yaw control strategies encompassing mathematical formulations as well as their applications toward different objectives. Our survey mostly focuses on blade pitch control, which is considered one of the key elements in facilitating load reduction while maintaining power capture performance. Regarding passive control, we review techniques such as tuned mass dampers, smart rotors, and microtabs. Possible future directions are suggested.
基金Projects(50978087,50908081)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.
文摘With the global economy and the intensification of market competition, more and more enterprises in the same industry to establish a new alliance---competitive strategic alliance. Competitive strategic alliance is not only in the strategic choice of the existence of a potential to create value, but also the existence of synergy. Competition and cooperation between the two conflicting complex logic relations coexist in the competitive strategic alliances （CSA）. Therefore maintaining the relative stability of alliance is the premise and necessary condition of alliance to success. In this paper, on the basis of the literature review, we discuss the significance and principles of improving CSA＇s stability; in the way of case analysis and expert interviews construct the hierarchy analysis model of improving CSA＇s stability; and then further put forward a series of measures which can maintain the CSA＇s stability, such as strengthen the ability of technological innovation, protection and development of the core ability of the enterprise, to develop a coherent strategy alliance target, choose a suitable alliance partner, coordinate the corporate culture between partners, establish alliance risk prevention mechanism, and so on. It will provide theoretical support and practical guidance to relevant departments and relevant personnel in policy decision-making and problem-solving
基金supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51009079)National Basic Research Program of China("973" Project)(Grant Nos.2011CB013503,2013CB035902)Open Research Fund Program of State key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering(Grant No.2013-KY 6)
文摘Since Mollema and Antonellini observed compaction bands in the field in 1996,different patterns of compaction bands have been found in laboratory experiments.There are some discrepancies between the laboratory experiments and the field observations:compared to the field observation,the stress levels required to induce compaction bands in laboratory experiments are usually higher than the inferred in the field,and the grain crushing are more intense in the laboratory experiments.In this paper,compaction bands were observed at the maximal principal stresses below 8 MPa,which is lower than the stress level inferred in the field,and there was no severe comminution inside the compaction bands.Experimental results indicate that the porosity and confining pressure have great impacts on the types of localization bands.Lower porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of shear bands and high-angle shear bands.Higher porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of discrete compaction bands.Intermediate porosity and confining pressure are favorable for the growth of hybrid modes involving two of the three,i.e.,discrete compaction band,diffuse compaction band and high-angle shear band.The formation of discrete compaction bands is more unstable compared to diffuse compaction bands.The two types of compaction bands can appear in the same type rocks,and diffuse compaction bands are formed under lower confining pressure compared to discrete compaction bands.The reduction of permeability was within 2 orders of magnitude in this study,and it is 2 3 orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by other researchers.
