硅酸盐玻璃的风化

综述影响浮法玻璃、压延玻璃、光学玻璃、晶质玻璃和器皿玻璃的耐风化性因素 ,风化产物的形貌和风化过程。导出了玻璃表面风化析碱量和环境条件如温度、湿度和时间的关系 :玻璃样品的析碱量随风化温度、湿度和时间而增加。风化产物的形貌和成分用SEM ,WDS ,EPMA和XPS来检测。结果表明 :钠钙硅酸盐玻璃风化表面产物主要为钠和钙的碳酸盐。如玻璃发生分相 ,玻璃的耐风化性不仅与玻璃成分有关 ,还与分相形貌有关。富硅滴状结构易风化 ,风化程度随富硅相液滴的数量而增加。在相同条件下 ,富硅相的连通结构降低玻璃的风化程度。还阐述了玻璃风化机理及如何防止风化的方法 。

高海拔山地碳酸盐岩风化壳的发育特征及其地貌意义

研究区位于云南东川拱王山山顶的落雪,海拔高度在3600m左右。山顶面为一缓丘及丘间溶蚀洼地构成的第三纪残留夷平面。在夷平面上发育了碳酸盐岩的黄色风化壳。本文基于风化壳的地球化学、物理化学及矿物学等特征,重点研究了风化环境对风化壳发育特征的影响,以及风化壳与第三纪残留夷平面的关系。所研究的风化壳剖面发育于低温、降水充沛和湿润的气候条件下。分析测试结果表明,风化壳仍处于CaO、MgO淋失,SiO2富积阶段,是一种弱度风化的富SiO2风化壳。风化壳的特征表明其形成于第三纪夷平面解体之后,而不能代表第三纪夷平面的原有相关堆积。

Value evaluation of ecological risk of marine chemical spills

The environmental risk of chemical spills near coastal zones threatens abundant marine ecological resources. By appraising the ecological damage value of the environmental risk of marine chemical spills, we can facilitate decision-making for the development of a coastal zone and establishment of economic policy on coastal zone management. In this study, the ecological effect of the environmental risk of a chemical spill in the Haicang chemical industrial park in Xiamen was identified, after which its impact was forecasted and its ecological damage value was assessed. The information generated in this study will be useful in future studies evaluating marine ecological compensation based on environmental risk analysis.

地表典型铁锰沉积物岩石漆的研究历程与展望

岩石漆是地表风化环境中最具代表性的铁锰质沉积物,一直以来在学界广受关注。近几十年来,随着表征技术的不断发展,岩石漆的研究也取得了显著成果。简述了岩石漆的研究历程,着重介绍了岩石漆的形貌特征、地球化学特征、矿物组成和成因机制。产于地表暴露环境中的岩石漆是地表关键带的重要组成部分,是各种物质发生交互作用的关键性场所。因此,岩石漆具有记录环境、影响环境和改变环境的能力,在反演环境气候变化、定年上古遗迹、参与地表物质演化、探索地外生命等方面具有重要的研究意义。

The new basic theory on Quaternary environmental research

On the basis of extensive survey to the Quaternary paleosols, soils and weathering layers in the vast northern China and the Loess Plateau, we found some unusually special phenomena of chemical components such as unsuccessive illuvium, twin illuviums, unusually thick illuvium and multi-illuviums etc. According to the analysis on the content of CaCO 3 and the data of penetrating experiment, a new theory of illuvial depth or removal depth of CaCO 3 in weathering and leaching belt was constructed, which indicates that the time of CaCO 3 removing to the illuvial depth is very short, and the effect of time factor on illuvial depth can be ignored. The theory can be taken as a credible foundation for studying many geological and geographical problems in weathering and leaching belt. When the illuvial depth of CaCO 3 is bigger than the thickness of developing belt of soil or paleosol, it can be determined that the paleosol has turned into weathering crust. When the illuvial depth of CaCO 3 is bigger than the thickness of paleosol, paleosol is leaching moderately acid soil. When two, three layers or unusually thick CaCO 3 illuviums exist in the same weathering section or at the bottom of the same paleosol, there were two or more periods forming paleosol and corresponding climatic stages at that time. On the basis of the equation of relationship between mean annual rainfall (y) and illuvial depth of CaCO 3 (x) (y = 305.5x + 168.5) determined in the paper, mean annual precipitation during the development of paleosol can be calculated.

Structural effect and reaction mechanism of MnO_2 catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of chlorinated aromatics

Various MnO2 structures have been extensively applied in catalysis. In this study,γ-MnO2,α-MnO2, and δ-MnO2 with corresponding rod, tube, and hierarchical architecture morphologies were prepared and applied for the catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzene (CB). The redox ability, H2O activation behavior, and acidity of MnO2 were analyzed using a range of techniques, including TPR, H2O-TPD, XPS, and pyridine-IR. The catalytic activities in CB oxidation were assessed;this revealed that γ-MnO2 exhibited the highest activity and best stability, owing to its enriched surface oxygen vacancies that functioned to activate O2 and H2O, and capture labile chlorine, which reacted with dissociated H2O to form HCl. All the MnO2 phases generated toxic polychlorinated by-products, including CHCl3, CCl4, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4, indicating the occurrence of electrophilic chlorination during CB oxidation. In particular, the dichlorobenzene detected in the effluents of α-MnO2 might generate unintended dioxins via a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

A Case Study of the Safety Management in WWTPs

Wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） can represent risks source for human health and environment, due to the use of chemicals and substances produced by the treatment process. In particular, considering a conventional urban wastewater treatment plant, two case studies have been considered in this paper： the phase of disinfection with Peracetic Acid （PAA）, used as reactant and the sludge anaerobic digestion, generating biogas. The aim of the experience is to find out some management suggestions that could make safer these sections of a WWTP.

The Biomarker Changes of a Heavy Fuel Oil After Different Weathering Times

This paper presents the experimental results of composition changes of heavy fuel oil by stmulating weathering in static seawater under natural environmental conditions. The results indicate： n-C10 to n-C15 were lost gradually in 24 weeks and the relative abundance of alkanes with long chains （〉n-C19） increased markedly. The aromatic compounds with less than two tings （except C4N） were completely lost in 24 weeks and CnP and CnD became the main aromatics in the heavy fuel oil after 24 weeks. The ratios of n- C1/Pristane （Pr） and n-C18 Phytane （Ph） were suitable for identifying lightly weathered （3 weeks） heavy fuel oil. The ratios of n-ClT/n-C18 and Pr/Ph were suitable for identifying moderately weathered heavy fuel oil （12 weeks）; the ratios of C2D/C2P and C3D/C3P did not change significantly in 24 weeks and were more suitable for identifying moderately weathered heavy fuel oil （24 weeks）.

Geochemistry of Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Red Soils from the Dongting Lake Area and Its Environmental Significance

Trace element(TE) and rare earth element(REE) contents in red soils from the Dongting Lake area of China were determined to understanding the provenance and weathering characteristics of the red soils.The results showed similar REE distribution patterns among red soils from the Dongting Lake area,Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang,loess and Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau.These patterns implied a similar provenance from dust-storms,except for red soil R5 which formed by bedrock weathering and had significant light REE(LREE) enrichment and heavy REE(HREE) depletion due to longer weathering periods and higher intensity of weathering.Trace element,especially the Rb/Sr and Li/Ba ratios,and REE,especially the LREE/HREE ratio and δEu could trace weathering intensity.Higher Rb/Sr,Li/Ba,and LREE/HREE ratios and negative Eu anomalies were present in the red soils from the Dongting Lake area.The weathering intensity was in the decreasing order of R5 in the Dongting Lake area > red soils from the Dongting Lake area(including reticulate red soil,weak reticulate red soil,and homogeneous red soil formed by dust storms) > Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang > loess-paleosol and Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau.Variations in the TE and REE contents of soil could be effectively used to study the provenance and the weathering intensity.

The Social Implications of the Degradation of the Coorong and Lower Lakes

The severe drought that Australia has endured over the past few years has impacted adversely on the environment and is the major cause of the reduction of water levels in the Coorong and Lower Lakes. The over-allocation and over-use of water in the MDB （Murray-Darling Basin） has caused the system to endure the longest period ever of reduced freshwater inflows and levels. The environmental state of Coorong and Lower Lakes is an issue that requires immediate action by governments and the surrounding community. This article will explore current data regarding the social and planning implications of the degradation of the Coorong and Lower Lakes. It primarily focuses on the social impacts that will occur if the Coorong and Lower Lakes area is significantly environmentally degraded. Drawing on Beck＇s risk theory, this paper analyses the adaptive capacity of settlements in the Coorong and Lower Lakes area and how they respond to the stresses and risks caused by environmental degradation. Economic and environmental implications will also be explored to provide an understanding of the interdependencies, This article provides a foundation and theoretical structure for further investigative research to be undertaken.

Architecture, Faith and Culture Antagonism or Harmony？

The relationship between architecture and faith has always been of great wealth. Faith as a way of life and social memory exercises a decisive influence on the shape of the construction environment. Yet this relationship is rarely analyzed. On a general level, one reason for this deficiency is probably due to the spread of the ideology of modernity. Given that modernity is implicitly secular, it does not prompt to understand faith in its relationship with other phenomena. It is the same for architecture. We believe on the contrary that the construction environment and the cultural aspect must interact and complement each other. When this is not true or only partially true, this results in user dissatisfaction, and refusal to engage and participate in the process of changing that environment. Many authors have tried to show explicitly the influence of Islamic thought on the social organization and the housing as well as the link between housing and identity, but its implications have not always been understood and transmitted concretely. One thing is certain： the ideological -symbolic-metaphoric sphere is the essence of architecture, as are the program requirements： functionality, distributivity, health of the environment and technology of construction. In this contribution we will address the thorny issue of cultural and religious influences on the choice of the morphology of the habitat and its components, and we will try to highlight the interaction between architecture, faith and culture through analysis of a Mediterranean type ＂House with Patio＂ as a particular architectural style, which has been enriched through the centuries by different cultures. Although the course of this typology in each of these cultures and at different times has not been the same, this has only strengthened the mission and spirit of the ＂Patio＂ until the appropriation of this model by the Arab-Muslim peoples who were able to incorporate the Islamic perception in this space.

Formation of the modern current system in the East China Sea since the early Holocene and its relationship with sea level and the monsoon system

The Okinawa Trough is a natural laboratory for the study of air-sea interaction and paleoenvironmental change. It has been demonstrated that present offshore export of particles in the bottom nepheloid layer occur primarily with downwelling from the northeast winter monsoon, which is inhibited by a transverse circulation pattern in summer. This current system was very different during the Last Glacial Maximum owing to low sea level （-120 m） and exposure of a large shelf area. We collected sediment core Oki01 from the middle Okinawa Trough during 2012 using R/V Kexue No. 1 to elucidate the timing and cause of the current system transition in the East China Sea. Clay mineral, dry density, and elemental （Ti, Ca） composition of core Oki01 was analyzed. The results indicate that clay minerals derived mainly from the Huanghe （Yellow） and the Changjiang （Yangtze） Rivers during 16.0-11.6 ka, and the modem current system in the East China Sea formed beginning in the early Holocene. Therefore, mixing of East China Sea continental shelf, Changjiang River and partially Taiwan Island sediment are the major contributors. The decrease of log（Ti/Ca） and alternating provenance since the early Holocene indicate less sediment from the East China in summer because of resistance of the modern current system, i.e., a ＂water barrier＂ and upwelling. Conversely, sediment delivery persists in winter and log（Ti/Ca） indicates the winter monsoon signal since the early Holocene. Our evidence also suggests that sediment from Taiwan Island could be transported by the Kuroshio Current to the middle Okinawa Trough, where it mingles with winter monsoon- induced export of sediment from the Changjiang River and East China Sea continental shelf. Although the present research advances understanding of the evolutionary history of paleoenvironmental change in the Okinawa Trough, more sediment cores should be retrieved over wide areas to construct a larger scenario.

Discussion on the Embodiment of the National Style in the Thorn Birds

In literary creation, the formation of style is a sign for if the creation of a writer is mature, which is an intensive reflection to the unique creative personality of the writer. There are many kinds of writer＇ s creation styles, among which the national style is a very prominent level, which can very excellently reflect the cultural characteristics of a nation. The Thorn Birds, which was created by Australian author Lynn McCullough, has the characteristics of a very strong national style. In the works, the national style of Australia is very well reflected from the depiction of the natural environment, the composition way of the novel, and the shape of character image.

A preliminary study on ore-forming environments of Xianglushan-type iron deposit and the weathering mineralization of Emeishan basalt in Guizhou Province, China

Xianglushan-type iron deposits are one of the new types of iron deposits found in the Weining Area of Western Guizhou. The iron-bearing rock system is a paleo-weathered crustal sedimentary(or accumulating) stratum between the top of the Middle-Late Permian Emeishan basalt formation and the Late Permian Xuanwei formation. Iron ore is hosted in the Lower-Middle part of the rock system. In terms of the genesis of mineral deposit, this type of deposit should be a basalt paleo-weathering crustal redeposit type, very different from marine sedimentary iron deposits or continental weathering crust iron deposits. Based on field work and the analytical results of XRD Powder Diffraction, Electron Probe, Scanner Electron Microscope, etc., the geological setting of the ore-forming processes and the deposit features are illustrated in this paper. The ore-forming environment of the deposit and the Emeishan basalt weathering mineralization are also discussed in order to enhance the knowledge of the universality and diversity of mineralization of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP), which may be a considerable reference to further research for ELIP metallogenic theories, and geological research for iron deposits in the paleo-weathering crust areas of the Emeishan basalt,Southwestern, China.

Impacts of climate change on the ecotoxicology of chemical contaminants in estuarine organisms

Global climate change effects will vary geographically, and effects on estuaries should be independently considered. This review of the impacts of climate change on the ecotoxicology of chemical contaminants aims to summarize responses that are specific to estuafine species. Estuarine organisms are uniquely adapted to large fluctuations in temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH, and yet future changes in climate may make them more susceptible to chemical contaminants. Recent research has hig- hlighted the interactive effects of chemical and nonchemical stressors on chemical uptake, metabolism, and organism survival. Assessments have revealed that the nature of the interaction between climate variables and chemical pollution will depend on es- tuarine species and life stage, duration and timing of exposure, prior stressor exposure, and contaminant class. A need for further research to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity under different abiotic conditions and to incorporate climate change factors into toxicity testing was identified. These efforts will improve environmental risk assessment of chemical contaminants and manage- ment capabilities under changing climate conditions [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 641-652, 2015].

Onset of Xiashu loess deposition in southern China by 0.9 Ma and its implications for regional aridification

The Xiashu loess is a typical Quaternary eolian deposit in southem China and represents an important terrestrial paleoclimate archive in this low-latitude monsoon region. However, the chronological framework of Xiashu loess deposition has yet to be established. Determining the timing of the onset of Xiashu loess deposition will allow researchers to better understand late Quaternary aridification across the Asian continent, the evolution of the East Asian monsoon and regional environmental changes in subtropical regions. Therefore, in this study, a systematic chronological study of the Xiashu loess is conducted to answer this question. For the first time, magnetostratigraphic classification reveals that the Matuyama/Bnmhes （M/B） reversal is present in the Xiashu loess at two sites in Jiangsu Province, the Qingshan profile at Yizheng and the Dagang core in Zhenjiang. Based on the results of magnetostratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） dating, the age of the lower boundary of the Xiashu loess is estimated to be approximately 0.9 Ma. Consequently, this Xiashu loess deposit is the oldest reported to date and is comparable in age to the red soil deposit in Xuancheng, Anhui Province. The onset of Xiashu loess deposition by 0.9 Ma represents the further expansion of arid range in Asia in the late Quaternary in response to significant aridification and winter monsoon strengthening in this subtropical region. We suggest that these climate changes were primarily driven by global cooling and an increase in high-latitude ice volume in the Northern Hemisphere and that the initiation of Xiashu loess accumulation was a regional response of southern China to the 0.9 Ma global cooling event.

Epidemic transition of environmental health risk during China's urbanization

China has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades along with dramatic economic growth. Previous studies have shown that urbanization has both positive and negative effects on health. However, there is a lack of research on the overall effects of urbanization on the epidemic transition of environmental health risks considering various pathways in China. In the present study, we studied the contributions of different aspects of urbanization in China to epidemic transitions using provincial and multi-year （1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010） panel data. Statistical models with fixed and random effects were developed to explore the impacts of different urbanization indicators on the overall epidemic tran- sition of environmental health （general model） and the changes in cause-specific mortality rates of typ- ical diseases （cause-specific models）. The results show that the impacts of non-communicable diseases continue to grow during the urbanization process in China. The ratio of communicable disease-related mortality to non-communicable disease-related mortality continues to decrease over time. The general model shows that the improved medical conditions （coefficient =-0.0011, P= 0.037）, the improved urban infrastructure （e.g., tap water supply） （coefficient = -0.00065, P 〈 0,001）, and the rise in income （coefficient = -0.00027, P = 0.047） during the urbanization process are important factors that promote this overall epidemic transition. The cause-specific models show that the mechanisms behind the general model are complicated. More attention should be paid to non-communicable diseases in urban health management. Specific health policies for different diseases should incorporate the considerations of dif- ferent impact pathwavs of urbanization,

Governing Climate Change Risks： Implications for Mitigation and Adaptation

This article analyzed climate change risks from the perspective of con- temporary environmental risks and how they have been internalized by policy. In order to do so, the main characteristics of this type of risk were analyzed based on the contributions from social theory authors on contemporary environmental risks. Next, the implications of these characteristics for the production of policy responses to climate change risks were discussed. The two main types of policy responses to climate change in the literature were presented： mitigation and adaptation. Finally, their interaction, differences and possibilities for synergy were analyzed. Under- standing climate change as a contemporary environmental risk, the way it was presented in this article, implies a radical change in the development bases of society, since greenhouse gases emissions from human activities contribute to the aggravation of global warming. Climate change challenges the traditional ways of governing in many ways, since climate change policy should involve the ques- tioning of the current processes of development. Profound changes in ways of thinking and established political action are needed.