The objective of the study was to research the aroma profile of volatile compounds in garlic subspecies originating from Latvia, and compare them with the aroma composition of garlic grown in the region of Midi-Pyrene...The objective of the study was to research the aroma profile of volatile compounds in garlic subspecies originating from Latvia, and compare them with the aroma composition of garlic grown in the region of Midi-Pyrenees (France). It was established that hard-neck garlic tends to contain more diallyl disulfide (DADS), the main decomposition product of allicin. Compared to the hard-neck subspecies, the content of allyl mercaptan, one of the major compounds producing the strong odor detectable after ingestion of garlic, was significantly lower in the soft-neck garlic clones. The amount of cyclic compound 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin differed considerably with higher contents in the soft-neck subspecies. The results also demonstrate the soft-neck garlic as a more suitable subspecies for long-term storage. In general, the results show no significant difference in the content of DADS and the total content of other flavor compounds between hard-neck and soft-neck garlic grown in the region of Midi-Pyrenees and Latvia. However, comparing garlic subspecies originating from France and Latvia by the content of allyl mercaptan, 1,2-dithiolane and 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin, a considerable proportional difference of these volatiles was determined. Also, a significant difference was established in the content of DADS between the white garlic variety "Blanc de Lomagne" (France, region of Midi-Pyrenees) and white garlic grown in other countries. The results of this study suggest the suitability of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC) methods for quality control of garlic originating from France.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to give a selective survey on recent progress in random metric theory and its applications to conditional risk measures.This paper includes eight sections.Section 1 is a longer introductio...The purpose of this paper is to give a selective survey on recent progress in random metric theory and its applications to conditional risk measures.This paper includes eight sections.Section 1 is a longer introduction,which gives a brief introduction to random metric theory,risk measures and conditional risk measures.Section 2 gives the central framework in random metric theory,topological structures,important examples,the notions of a random conjugate space and the Hahn-Banach theorems for random linear functionals.Section 3 gives several important representation theorems for random conjugate spaces.Section 4 gives characterizations for a complete random normed module to be random reflexive.Section 5 gives hyperplane separation theorems currently available in random locally convex modules.Section 6 gives the theory of random duality with respect to the locally L0-convex topology and in particular a characterization for a locally L0-convex module to be L0-pre-barreled.Section 7 gives some basic results on L0-convex analysis together with some applications to conditional risk measures.Finally,Section 8 is devoted to extensions of conditional convex risk measures,which shows that every representable L∞-type of conditional convex risk measure and every continuous Lp-type of convex conditional risk measure(1 ≤ p < +∞) can be extended to an L∞F(E)-type of σ,λ(L∞F(E),L1F(E))-lower semicontinuous conditional convex risk measure and an LpF(E)-type of T,λ-continuous conditional convex risk measure(1 ≤ p < +∞),respectively.展开更多
文摘The objective of the study was to research the aroma profile of volatile compounds in garlic subspecies originating from Latvia, and compare them with the aroma composition of garlic grown in the region of Midi-Pyrenees (France). It was established that hard-neck garlic tends to contain more diallyl disulfide (DADS), the main decomposition product of allicin. Compared to the hard-neck subspecies, the content of allyl mercaptan, one of the major compounds producing the strong odor detectable after ingestion of garlic, was significantly lower in the soft-neck garlic clones. The amount of cyclic compound 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin differed considerably with higher contents in the soft-neck subspecies. The results also demonstrate the soft-neck garlic as a more suitable subspecies for long-term storage. In general, the results show no significant difference in the content of DADS and the total content of other flavor compounds between hard-neck and soft-neck garlic grown in the region of Midi-Pyrenees and Latvia. However, comparing garlic subspecies originating from France and Latvia by the content of allyl mercaptan, 1,2-dithiolane and 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin, a considerable proportional difference of these volatiles was determined. Also, a significant difference was established in the content of DADS between the white garlic variety "Blanc de Lomagne" (France, region of Midi-Pyrenees) and white garlic grown in other countries. The results of this study suggest the suitability of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC) methods for quality control of garlic originating from France.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10871016)
文摘The purpose of this paper is to give a selective survey on recent progress in random metric theory and its applications to conditional risk measures.This paper includes eight sections.Section 1 is a longer introduction,which gives a brief introduction to random metric theory,risk measures and conditional risk measures.Section 2 gives the central framework in random metric theory,topological structures,important examples,the notions of a random conjugate space and the Hahn-Banach theorems for random linear functionals.Section 3 gives several important representation theorems for random conjugate spaces.Section 4 gives characterizations for a complete random normed module to be random reflexive.Section 5 gives hyperplane separation theorems currently available in random locally convex modules.Section 6 gives the theory of random duality with respect to the locally L0-convex topology and in particular a characterization for a locally L0-convex module to be L0-pre-barreled.Section 7 gives some basic results on L0-convex analysis together with some applications to conditional risk measures.Finally,Section 8 is devoted to extensions of conditional convex risk measures,which shows that every representable L∞-type of conditional convex risk measure and every continuous Lp-type of convex conditional risk measure(1 ≤ p < +∞) can be extended to an L∞F(E)-type of σ,λ(L∞F(E),L1F(E))-lower semicontinuous conditional convex risk measure and an LpF(E)-type of T,λ-continuous conditional convex risk measure(1 ≤ p < +∞),respectively.