高校教风与学风量表编制的探索

梳理教风和学风测量已有的研究成果,结合现场调查结果和研讨,形成了教风和学风测量初步量表。教风初步量表包括教师职业道德、教学态度、教学水平、教学方法、教师知识水平和教师学术科研能力六个维度;学风初步量表包括学习目的、学习态度、学习兴趣、学习纪律、学习方法和学习效果六个维度。采用便利抽样,将教风和学风初步量表施测于X高校的本科生,运用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行数据处理,对教风和学风各变量进行因子分析和信度分析,结果表明,教风和学风最终量表的结构效度较好,内部一致性信度较高。

锅炉风量表的标定

介绍了对电站锅炉风量表进行标定的方法。

空气预热器漏风对机组能耗影响研究及其监测方法

为了研究空气预热器漏风对机组性能的影响,以某330 MW循环流化床锅炉机组空气预热器为研究对象,建立了计算其漏风率对排烟温度、热风温度及风机电耗影响的热力学模型并进行了性能计算,结果发现,空气预热器漏风率对锅炉效率及风机电耗均影响较大,尤其是漏风点在空气预热器的热风出口处,在该处当漏风率为20%时对锅炉效率影响可以接近0.6%,同时增加风机电耗超过730 kW。除对机组经济性影响较大之外,空气预热器漏风还会对机组的可靠性产生较大影响,比如管式空气预热器会降低机组的出力,造成机组非计划降低出力事件;对于回转式空气预热器,可能还会造成机组非计划停运事件。为了更好的监控空气预热器漏风,还提出了一种监测空气预热器漏风率的方法,即通过监测相同工况下不同时间段空气预热器出口热风与进口冷风流量之间的差异来判断空气预热器漏风的严重程度,为合理安排空气预热器的检修周期提供了很好的参考依据。

Analysis of Wind Power Assessment Based on the WRF Model

Assessing wind energy is a key step in selecting a site for a wind farm. The accuracy of the assessment is essential for the future operation of the wind farm. There are two main methods for assessing wind power: one is based on observational data and the other relies on mesoscale numerical weather prediction(NWP). In this study, the wind power of the Liaoning coastal wind farm was evaluated using observations from an anemometer tower and simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, to see whether the WRF model can produce a valid assessment of the wind power and whether the downscaling process can provide a better evaluation. The paper presents long-term wind data analysis in terms of annual, seasonal, and diurnal variations at the wind farm, which is located on the east coast of Liaoning Province. The results showed that, in spring and summer, the wind speed, wind direction, wind power density, and other main indicators were consistent between the two methods. However, the values of these parameters from the WRF model were significantly higher than the observations from the anemometer tower. Therefore, the causes of the differences between the two methods were further analyzed. There was much more deviation in the original material, National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) final(FNL) Operational Global Analysis data, in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. As the region is vulnerable to cold-air outbreaks and windy weather in autumn and winter, and the model usually forecasted stronger high or low systems with a longer duration, the predicted wind speed from the WRF model was too large.

Effects of Precipitation on Sonic Anemometer Measurements of Turbulent Fluxes in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Effects caused by precipitation on the measurements of three-dimensional sonic anemometer are analyzed based on a field observational experiment conducted in Maoming, Guangdong Province, China. Obvious fluctuations induced by precipitation are observed for the outputs of sonic anemometer-derived temperature and wind velocity components. A technique of turbulence spectra and cospectra normalized in the framework of similarity theory is utilized to validate the measured variables and calculated fluxes. It is found that the sensitivity of sonic anemometer-derived temperature to precipitation is significant, compared with that of the wind velocity components. The spectra of wind velocity and cospectra of momentum flux resemble the standard universal shape with the slopes of the spectra and cospectra at the inertial subrange, following the-2/3 and-4/3 power law, respectively, even under the condition of heavy rain. Contaminated by precipitation, however, the spectra of temperature and cospectra of sensible heat flux do not exhibit a universal shape and have obvious frequency loss at the inertial subrange. From the physical structure and working principle of sonic anemometer, a possible explanation is proposed to describe this difference, which is found to be related to the variations of precipitation particles. Corrections for errors of sonic anemometer-derived temperature under precipitation is needed, which is still under exploration.

An Observational Study of Typhoon Imbudo in 2003

Typhoon Imbudo was a super-typhoon over the northwestern Pacific in 2003. It caused tremendous damage when it made landfalls in the Philippines and China. This paper documents observational analyses of Typhoon Imbudo during its landfall in China. All available observations are used to study its motion, intensity changes, convection, structure and precipitation. Best-track data indicate that Imbudo moved west-northwestward until 1800 UTC 23 July and then turned northwestward. FNL (final) analysis data show that the motion of Imbudo is dominated by changes of the subtropical high. At Imbudo's mature stage, the minimum sea level pressure dropped to 910 hPa and the maximum sustained winds were as high as 67 m s 1, which is the intensity of a super-typhoon. The surface wind field exhibited asymmetric characteristics. Polar-orbiting satellite imagery also manifested convective asymmetry before Imbudo made landfall in China. Analyzed the vertical wind shear, it is shown that the convection has a downshear-left pattern. All kinds of precipitation data were used to identify the asymmetric characteristic of the rainfall associated with the Imbudo. The maximum rainfalls were located in the southern boundary area between Guangxi and Guangdong. However, the lack of in situ observations limited further analyses of this typhoon.

A Mechanism of the Effect of Non-uniform Current on the Spectrum of Short Wind Waves

A mechanism is suggested in this paper concerning the effect of non-uniform current on the spectrum of short wind waves. According to this mechanism, a non-uniform current brings changes to the breaking criteria of short wind waves through modulating the surface drift, and hence enhances or weakens wave breaking. Some modification is proposed to the source term, which represents the spectral rate of wave energy dissipation due to wave breaking so that the source term can incorporate this mechanism. In order to illustrate whether this mechanism is significant, a real case is studied, in which the wind waves propagate on a tidal current flowing over the sea bottom covered with sand waves. Finally, the effect of the new mechanism on the equilibrium spectrum of small scale gravity waves is discussed. Numerical estimates suggest that, for water depths less than 50 m and wavelengths less than 1 m, this current field may result in distinct spatial variations of the wave breaking criteria, the spectral rate of wave energy dissipation and the equilibrium spectrum of short gravity waves.

Assessment of Rill Erosion Development during Erosive Storms at Angereb Watershed, Lake Tana Sub-basin in Ethiopia

Application of simple and locally based erosion assessment methods that fit to the local condition is necessary to improve the performance and efficiency of soil conservation practices. In this study, rill erosion formation and development was investigated on the topo-sequence of three catchments （300-500 m slope length）; and on agricultural fields （6 m and 24 m slope lengths） with different crop-tillage surfaces during erosive storms. Rill density and rill erosion rates were measured using rill cross section survey and close range digital photogrammetry. Rill formation and development was commonly observed on conditions where there is wider terrace spacing, concave slope shapes and unstable stone terraces on steep slopes. At field plot level, rill development was controlled by the distribution and abrupt change in the soil surface roughness and extent of slope length. At catchment scale, however, rill formation and development was controlled by landscape structures, and concavity and convexity of the slope. Greater rill cross sections and many small local rills were associated to the rougher soil surfaces. For instance, relative comparison of crop tillage practices have showed that faba-bean tillage management was more susceptible to seasonal rill erosion followed by Teff and wheat tillage surfaces under no cover condition. Surface roughness and landscape structures played a net decreasing effect on the parallel rill network development. This implies that spatial and temporal variability of the rill prone areas was strongly associated with the nature and initial size of surface micro-topography or tillage roughness. Thus, it is necessary to account land management practices, detail micro-topographic surfaces and landscape structures for improved prediction of rill prone areas under complex topographic conditions. Application of both direct rill cross section survey and close range digital photogrammetric techniques could enhance field erosion assessment for practical soil conservation improvement.

Risk Communication： Survey on Quality of Safety Data Sheets of Agricultural Substances

Manufacturers of chemicals are responsible for setting up a list of tools, including labels and safety data sheets, in order to provide adequate information about dangerous properties being labels and safety data sheets the main instruments for the immediate advice about dangerous substances and preparations for general public and workers. While correct labelling gives the possibility to general public to recognise the risks arising from handling and use of dangerous chemicals, safety data sheets are provided for professionals in order to allow safe handling and storage of dangerous chemicals in work places. Information contained in safety data sheets are also designed to suggest safety measures to be taken for the protection of workers as well as precaution measures and adequate actions to be taken in the case of accident. This project has critically revised the information contained in a list of safety data sheets of active ingredients provided for plant protection products, in order to assess the quality and the consistency of the data contained. Reported data have been then compared to published data. Considerable deficiencies/mistakes/inconsistencies have been found in the data reported along the safety data sheets of the examined substances, showing an urgent need of improving the enforcement related to a systematic recognition in this field as well as training of people involved in compilation of safety data sheets by producer side.

The relations among the three kinds of conditional risk measures

Let（Ω , E, P） be a probability space, F a sub-σ-algebra of E, L^p（E）（1 p ＋∞） the classical function space and LF^p（E） the L^0（F）-module generated by L^p（E）, which can be made into a random normed module in a natural way. Up to the present time, there are three kinds of conditional risk measures, whose model spaces are L^∞（E）, L^p（E）（1 p ＋∞） and LF^p（E）（1 p ＋∞） respectively, and a conditional convex dual representation theorem has been established for each kind. The purpose of this paper is to study the relations among the three kinds of conditional risk measures together with their representation theorems. We first establish the relation between L^p（E） and LF^p（E）, namely LF^p（E） = Hcc（L^p（E））, which shows that LF^p（E）is exactly the countable concatenation hull of L^p（E）. Based on the precise relation, we then prove that every L^0（F）-convex L^p（E）-conditional risk measure（1 p ＋∞） can be uniquely extended to an L^0（F）-convex LF^p（E）-conditional risk measure and that the dual representation theorem of the former can also be regarded as a special case of that of the latter, which shows that the study of L^p-conditional risk measures can be incorporated into that of LF^p（E）-conditional risk measures. In particular, in the process we find that combining the countable concatenation hull of a set and the local property of conditional risk measures is a very useful analytic skill that may considerably simplify and improve the study of L^0-convex conditional risk measures.

Windtunnel studies of surface shear stress vector distribution measurement using shear sensitive liquid crystal coatings

Shear sensitive liquid crystal coating (SSLCC) can measure surface shear stress vector distribution efficiently with a high spa-tial resolution. The purpose of the present paper is to modify and extend the surface shear stress measurement technique de-termined by Reda et al. to wind tunnel studies. All the facilities employed in the technique are very common and simple. The measurement technique is applied to surface flow beneath a tangential jet and surface flow in a turbulence wedge generated by a small cylinder in windtunnel flow. Spatially resolved shear stresses over planar surface are obtained, although the magnitude is not fully calibrated.

Community promotion of superficial needling plus club swing for post-stroke motion impairment of the shoulder joint

Objective： To investigate the community promotion feasibility of superficial needling plus club swing for post-stroke motion impairment of the shoulder joint. Methods：A total of 180 cases （duration 〈1.5 years） with post-stroke motion impairment of the shoulder joint were recruited from three community health centers in Changning District, 60 from each community. They were randomly allocated into an observation group （n=90） and a control group （n=90）. Patients in both groups received standard internal and rehabilitation care. Patients in the observation group received additional superficial needling plus club swing. The visual analogue scale （VAS） was conducted before and 60 d after the treatment to evaluate the severity of shoulder pain. The active movement of the shoulder joint and activities of daily living （ADL） were also observed. Results：There were no between-group statistical differences before the treatment （allP〉0.05）. After a 60-day treatment, the shoulder pain severity, active range of motion of the shoulder joint and ADL in the observation group were significantly improved than those in the control group （allP〈0.01）. In addition, no adverse events were reported by participants in the observation group. Conclusion：Superficial needling plus club swing plays a positive role in improving post-stroke motion impairment of the shoulder joint. This safe, reliable and economical therapy has good patient compliance and is suitable for community promotion.