Objective： To explore the direct and/or the enhancing antihypertensive effects of wind-dispelling herbs involvingFangfeng （Saposhnikoviae Radix） and Baizhi （Angelicae dahuricae Radix） using liver-yang hyperactivi...Objective： To explore the direct and/or the enhancing antihypertensive effects of wind-dispelling herbs involvingFangfeng （Saposhnikoviae Radix） and Baizhi （Angelicae dahuricae Radix） using liver-yang hyperactivity renalhypertension rat. Methods： Model rats with hyperactivity of liver-yang hyperactivity were prepared using male SD rats.Once successful, the rats were randomly divided into groups and given medicine by gavage for 4 weeks. Blood wascollected from the abdominal aorta to prepare serum. Serum nitric oxide （NO） concentration was determined bychemical colorimetry. The contents of ET, TXB2 and 6-K-PGF1a were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbentassay （ELISA）. Results： Compared with the control model group, the blood pressure, serum ET and TXB2 of rats in thewind dispelling medicine group was not significantly reduced, while those of rats in captopril group, Tianma GoutengDecoction I group （TGD group） decreased significantly （P 〈0.05 for both）. Interestingly, the blood pressure, serum ETand TXB2 of rats in the combination group （wind dispelling medicine ＆ TGD） decreased significantly compared withboth wind dispelling medicine group and TGD group. Meanwhile, the levels of serum NO and 6- K-PGF1a in thecombination group was much higher than those in the wind dispelling medicine group or TGD group （P 〈0.05 for both）.However, the levels of serum NO and 6- K-PGF1a in the wind dispelling medicine group was not significantly increasedcompared with the model group. Conclusion： There is no direct pressure lowering effects of wind dispelling medicinealone, while wind dispelling medicine could potentiates the antihypertensive effects of Tianma Gouteng Decoction I.Besides, the synergistic effects may be related to decreased ET and TXB2 levels and the increased NO and 6- K-PGF1alevels.展开更多
Aggressive behavior when competing for resources is expected to increase as the ratio of competitors-to-resource ratio （CRR） units increases. Females are expected to be more aggressive than males when competing for ...Aggressive behavior when competing for resources is expected to increase as the ratio of competitors-to-resource ratio （CRR） units increases. Females are expected to be more aggressive than males when competing for food when body size is more strongly related to reproductive suc- cess in females than in males, whereas aggression is predicted to decrease under high ambient predation risk by natural selection. Under the risk allocation model, however, individuals under high ambient predation risk are expected to be more aggressive, and forage more in the absence of imminent risk than their low risk counterparts. An interaction between adult sex ratio （i.e., adult males/females）, ambient predation risk （high vs. low）, and sex on intrasexual competition for mates in Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata has been shown. The interaction suggested an increase in aggression rates as CRR increased, except for males from the high predation population. To compare the patterns of competition for food versus mates, we replicated this study by using food patches. We allowed 4 male or 4 female guppies from high and low predation populations to com- pete for 5, 3, or 1 food patches. The foraging rate was higher in a high rather than low ambient pre- dation risk population. Surprisingly, CRR, sex, and population of origin had no effect on aggression rates. Despite other environmental differences between the 2 populations, the effect of ambient predation risk may be a likely explanation for differences in foraging rates. These results highlight the importance for individuals to secure food despite the cost of competition and predation.展开更多
文摘Objective： To explore the direct and/or the enhancing antihypertensive effects of wind-dispelling herbs involvingFangfeng （Saposhnikoviae Radix） and Baizhi （Angelicae dahuricae Radix） using liver-yang hyperactivity renalhypertension rat. Methods： Model rats with hyperactivity of liver-yang hyperactivity were prepared using male SD rats.Once successful, the rats were randomly divided into groups and given medicine by gavage for 4 weeks. Blood wascollected from the abdominal aorta to prepare serum. Serum nitric oxide （NO） concentration was determined bychemical colorimetry. The contents of ET, TXB2 and 6-K-PGF1a were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbentassay （ELISA）. Results： Compared with the control model group, the blood pressure, serum ET and TXB2 of rats in thewind dispelling medicine group was not significantly reduced, while those of rats in captopril group, Tianma GoutengDecoction I group （TGD group） decreased significantly （P 〈0.05 for both）. Interestingly, the blood pressure, serum ETand TXB2 of rats in the combination group （wind dispelling medicine ＆ TGD） decreased significantly compared withboth wind dispelling medicine group and TGD group. Meanwhile, the levels of serum NO and 6- K-PGF1a in thecombination group was much higher than those in the wind dispelling medicine group or TGD group （P 〈0.05 for both）.However, the levels of serum NO and 6- K-PGF1a in the wind dispelling medicine group was not significantly increasedcompared with the model group. Conclusion： There is no direct pressure lowering effects of wind dispelling medicinealone, while wind dispelling medicine could potentiates the antihypertensive effects of Tianma Gouteng Decoction I.Besides, the synergistic effects may be related to decreased ET and TXB2 levels and the increased NO and 6- K-PGF1alevels.
文摘Aggressive behavior when competing for resources is expected to increase as the ratio of competitors-to-resource ratio （CRR） units increases. Females are expected to be more aggressive than males when competing for food when body size is more strongly related to reproductive suc- cess in females than in males, whereas aggression is predicted to decrease under high ambient predation risk by natural selection. Under the risk allocation model, however, individuals under high ambient predation risk are expected to be more aggressive, and forage more in the absence of imminent risk than their low risk counterparts. An interaction between adult sex ratio （i.e., adult males/females）, ambient predation risk （high vs. low）, and sex on intrasexual competition for mates in Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata has been shown. The interaction suggested an increase in aggression rates as CRR increased, except for males from the high predation population. To compare the patterns of competition for food versus mates, we replicated this study by using food patches. We allowed 4 male or 4 female guppies from high and low predation populations to com- pete for 5, 3, or 1 food patches. The foraging rate was higher in a high rather than low ambient pre- dation risk population. Surprisingly, CRR, sex, and population of origin had no effect on aggression rates. Despite other environmental differences between the 2 populations, the effect of ambient predation risk may be a likely explanation for differences in foraging rates. These results highlight the importance for individuals to secure food despite the cost of competition and predation.
