论企业战略联盟分化风险的成因及其管控

自20世纪80年代以来,企业战略联盟数量与日俱增,早已成为推动企业发展的重要方式。不可否认的是,战略联盟自诞生至发展一直备受分化风险的考验,能否成功管控分化风险,成为联盟成员获利的关键。目前关于联盟分化风险成因与管控的研究仍旧存在较多的盲点。理论上讲,企业内部成员的关系和外部联盟整体的运行效率是导致联盟分化的主要诱因,以这两个层面为切入点对战略联盟进行管控,将最大程度的降低企业战略联盟的分化风险。

关于企业战略联盟分化风险的成因及管控分析

在现代化经济发展的过程中,企业是推动经济快速发展的重要因素,企业在发展过程中需要通过企业之间的联系构建稳定的发展空间。企业战略联盟是现代化经济发展过程中的重要模式,通过企业战略联盟能够加强企业之间的联系,可以有效降低企业运营过程中的风险,实现企业的多渠道发展,企业能够利用战略联盟在资源平台上获得更加广阔的发展空间。本文以企业战略联盟分化风险的成因和管控措施为重点,阐述了当前企业战略联盟分化风险形成的问题,并提出了企业战略联盟在发展过程中需要建立的关系模式和整体发展的策略。

优化、分化、细化的施工管理方法

文章介绍了上海建工(集团)在巴基斯坦瓜达尔港口工程中,和中港(集团)总公司密切合作,通过技术优化、风险分化、责任细化的管理手段,按时、优质地完成了排水管工程和大面积联锁块铺砌工程以及港区装卸、运作系统设备的制作安装等工作.

Is it possible to differentiate gastric GISTs from gastric leiomyomas by EUS?

AIM: To evaluate the ultrasonog raphy (EUS) features of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) as compared with gastric leiomyomas and then to determine the EUS features that could predict malignant GISTs.METHODS: We evaluated the endoscopic EUS features in 53 patients with gastric mesenchymal tumors conf irmed by histopathologic diagnosis. The GISTs were classif ied into benign and malignant groups according to the histological risk classif ication.RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analyses demon-strated 7 leiomyomas and 46 GISTs. Inhomogenicity, hyperechogenic spots, a marginal halo and higher echogenicity as compared with the surrounding muscle layer appeared more frequently in the GISTs than in the leiomyomas (P < 0.05). The presence of at least two of these four features had a sensitivity of 89.1% and a specifi city of 85.7% for predicting GISTs. Except for tumor size and irregularity of the border, most of the EUS features were not helpful for predicting the malignant potential of GISTs. On multivariate analysis, only the maximal diameter of the GISTs was an independent predictor. The optimal size for predicting malignant GISTs was 35 mm. The sensitivity and specificity using this value were 92.3% and 78.8%, respectively.CONCLUSION: EUS may help to differentiate gastric GISTs from gastric leiomyomas. Once GISTs are suspected, surgery should be considered if the size is greater than 3.5 cm.

Risk clinicopathological factors for lymph node metastasis in poorly differentiated early gastric cancer and their impact on laparoscopic wedge resection

AIM:To investigate the predictive factors of lymph node metastasis(LNM) in poorly differentiated early gastric cancer(EGC),and enlarge the possibility of using laparoscopic wedge resection(LWR).METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 85 patients with poorly differentiated EGC who underwent surgical resection between January 1992 and December 2010.The association between the clinicopathological factors and the presence of LNM was retrospectively analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Odds ratios(OR) with 95%CI were calculated.We further examined the relationship between the positive number of the three significant predictive factors and the LNM rate.RESULTS:In the univariate analysis,tumor size(P = 0.011),depth of invasion(P = 0.007) and lymphatic vessel involvement(P < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher rate of LNM.In the multivariate model,tumor size(OR = 7.125,95%CI:1.251-38.218,P = 0.041),depth of invasion(OR = 16.624,95%CI:1.571-82.134,P = 0.036) and lymphatic vessel involvement(OR = 39.112,95%CI:1.745-123.671,P = 0.011) were found to be independently risk clinicopathological factors for LNM.Of the 85 patients diagnosed with poorly differentiated EGC,12(14.1%) had LNM.The LNM rates were 5.7%,42.9% and 57.1%,respectively in cases with one,two and three of the risk factors respectively in poorly differentiated EGC.There was no LNM in 29 patients without the three risk clinicopathological factors.CONCLUSION:LWR alone may be sufficient treatment for intramucosal poorly differentiated EGC if the tumor is less than or equal to 2.0 cm in size,and when lymphatic vessel involvement is absent at postoperative histological examination.

SVD-LSSVM and its application in chemical pattern classification

Pattern classification is an important field in machine learning; least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is a powerful tool for pattern classification. A new version of LSSVM, SVD-LSSVM, to save time of selecting hyper parameters for LSSVM is proposed. SVD-LSSVM is trained through singular value decomposition (SVD) of kernel matrix. Cross validation time of selecting hyper parameters can be saved because a new hyper parameter, singular value contribution rate (SVCR), replaces the penalty factor of LSSVM. Several UCI benchmarking data and the Olive classification problem were used to test SVD-LSSVM. The result showed that SVD-LSSVM has good performance in classification and saves time for cross validation.

Behavior, distribution and environmental influence of arsenic in a typical lead smelter

A field study was conducted to determine the behavior and distribution of arsenic during the pyrometallurgy process in a typical SKS(Shuikoushan) lead smelter in Hunan province, China. Environmental influences of arsenic in selected samples were evaluated. Arsenic contents in all input and output samples vary from 0.11% in raw lead to 6.66% in collected dust-2. More arsenic is volatilized in blast furnace and fuming furnace(73.02% of arsenic input) than bottom blowing furnace(10.29% of arsenic input).There are 78.97%, 13.69%, 7.31% of total arsenic distributed in intermediate materials, stockpiled materials and unorganized emissions, respectively. Matte slag-2, collected dust-1 and secondary zinc oxide are hazardous based on the arsenic concentrations of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. According to risk assessment code(RAC) guideline, arsenic in collected dust-1 poses a very serious risk to the surrounding environment, arsenic in speiss, matte slag-2, water-quenched slag and secondary zinc oxide show low risk, while arsenic in matte slag-1, collected dust-2 and post dust has no risk to the environment.

Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis and Endoscopic Treatment Strategies of Undifferentiated Early Gastric Cancer

OBJECTIVE To discuss the effects of clinico-pathological features on lymph node metastasis （LNM） in undifferentiated EGC （early gastric cancer）, as well as identify the appropriate medical management. METHODS From January 1999 to June 2011, 352 patients were treated for undifferentiated EGC in our hospital. All patients had undergone gastrectomy with regional lymphadenectomy. We used univariate and multivariate associated with lymph node entiated EGC. analyses to determine the features metastasis in patients with undiffer- RESULTS Signet ring cell carcinoma （SRC） was more common in patients with undifferentiated EGC than other undifferentiated carcinoma （UDC）. SRC had a tendency to be confined to the mucosa, with a smaller size than other UDC. The incidence of LNM for SRC was lower than that for other UDC. Multivariate analysis showed that LNM was associated with the sex, tumor size, depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and histological type. CONCLUSION Complete endoscopic resection is suitable for SRC- type intramucosal EGC, which is less than 2 cm in diameter without lymphovascular invasion in the postoperative histological examination.

Tunnel Engineering Construction Schedule Analysis and Management Based on Visual Simulation

The methodology of visual simulation for a tunnel engineering construction schedule is presented. Visualization of simulation model, calculation and result of construction schedule simulation is realized, and the construction simulation and the resource optimization of tunnel engineering are made. A risk analysis and a decision-making method of tunnel engineering construction schedule based on visual simulation are presented. Furthermore, using S curve theory and schedule management method, the real-time management and control method of tunnel engineering construction based on visual simulation is presented. The application to the tunnel engineering construction schedule analysis and management shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the method presented in this paper.

Update on risk scoring systems for patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH) remains a common medical emergency worldwide. It is increasingly recognised that early risk assessment is an important part of management, which helps direct appropriate patient care and the timing of endoscopy. Several risk scores have been developed, most of which include endoscopic findings, although a minority do not. These scores were developed to identify various end-points including mortality, rebleeding or clinical intervention in the form of transfusion, endoscopic therapy or surgery. Recent studies have reported accurate identification of a very low risk group on presentation, using scores which require simple clinical or laboratory parameters only. This group may not require admission, but could be managed with early out-patient endoscopy. This article aims to describe the existing pre- and post-endoscopy risk scores for UGIH and assess the published data comparing them in the prediction of outcome. Recent data assessing their use in clinical practice, in particular the early identification of low-risk patients, are also discussed.

An optimal incentive contract to venture capitalist

This paper aims to study the principal-agent relationship between investors and venture capitalists （VCs）, makes research on the moral hazard issues under this relationship, and how to design an effective incentive mechanism to avoid it. By constructing a new incentive model, this paper provides the reference for investors to establish a reasonable payment contract. The designed incentive contract is a kind of dominant consecutive payment mode, which plays a strong incentive role to the VCs, in addition, it also requires the VCs to invest certain capital to the project, which can effectively prevent the slapdash action of VCs, and reduce the agent cost of investors.

Operation safety risk analysis method of hydropower project considering time-dependent effect

In order to consider the time-dependent characteristic of risk factors of hydropower project,the method of stochastic process simulating structure resistance and load effect is adopted.On the basis of analyzing the structure characteristics and mode of operation,the operation safety risk rate assessment model of hydropower project is established on the comprehensive application of the improved analytic hierarchy process,the time-dependent reliability theory and the risk rate threshold.A scheme to demonstrate the time-dependent risk rate assessment method for an example of the earth-rock dam is particularly implemented by the proposed approach.The example shows that operation safety risk rate is closely related to both the service period and design standard;considering the effect of time-dependent,the risk rate increases with time and the intersection of them reflects the technical service life of structures.It could provide scientific basis for the operation safety and risk decision of the hydropower project by predicting the trend of risk rate via this model.

Study on City Environment,Safety and Health from the Viewpoint of Ecological Risks

Urban ecological risk analysis is a relatively new study field.Rapid industrial modernization and urbanization have significantly improved the living standards of the city.However,as environmental,safety and health issues are causing widespread concern,these problems have potential serious threat on ecosystems and human health.So how to solve many problems arising from city has become a key to sustainable development of human civilization.The present article analyzed the major problems that the city confronts and pointed out the main measures from the aspects of urban environment,safety and health.

Risk Analysis of Historic Urban Areas： A Case Study of the Salerno City, Italy

The preservation of historical and cultural heritage from seismic risk is a question of interest in Italy. However, too little has been done to deal with this problem. First of all, the seismic safety of cultural heritage should be a topic of prevention. The research described in the paper presents a multi-approach procedure to address risk assessment of large-scale urban systems with the aim to contribute at the development of risk mitigation policies for historical centers buildings. The observation of the earthquakes effects in Italy clearly highlights the role of the high vulnerability of the existing building on the consequences in terms of casualties and damage, rather than the severity of seismic events, especially in historical contexts. Unlike the new buildings which should be planned and designed to respect seismic safety requirements, existing buildings require a careful safety assessment on the basis of their susceptibility to damage which depends on building techniques, past damage events, maintenance, changes, etc.

Agriculture and Water Sources Protection Zones in the Czech Republic

The area of interest is located in the South Moravia Region at the confluence of the Jihlava, Oslava and Rokytn^i rivers. Ivan^ice spring area comprises a series of hydrologic boreholes, it is the main water source for water supply of Ivan^ice and Rosice towns and provides water for 30,000 inhabitants. The risk analysis was created on the basis of water quality monitoring, hydrogeological assessment and terrain exploration and a revision of protection zones was proposed. The spring area is situated in nitrate vulnerable zones and recently nitrate concentrations have been decreasing. Water quality evaluation results： high concentration of manganese and iron, sometimes higher concentration of ammonium and COD. This area is intensively used for agriculture and it is necessary to make a compromise solution during protection zones proposal, The regime in protection zones can not affect manganese and iron concentration （their origin is in the natural geological environment）. Therefore, water treatment plant is in operation and its modernization is proposed. Furthermore, the paper deals with spring area intensification construction of a new hydrologic borehole, and managed and unmanaged infiltration of surface water. The proposal of protection zones revision consists of reduction to a 2nd level protection zone.

Spatial-temporal Changes in Ecological Risk of Land Use before and after Grain-for-Green Policy in Zhengning County, Gansu Province

The Grain-for-Green Policy aims to convert cropland to grassland and forest across western China, and evaluating ecological risk is essential to its implementation. Because few recent studies have focused on eco-risk changes of land use in the areas affected by significant policies, this paper took Zhengning County in Gansu Province as our focal area, and studied spatial-temporal changes in ecological risk before and after policy implementation. Based on indices of landscape fragmentation and ecosystem service value, an ecological risk assessment method using ArcGIS and Fragstats was done. The regional gravity center model and land spatial distribution model were also used to enrich the quantitative description of divisional eco-risk and its spatial-temporal variation in the county. Results showed that the implementation of the policy has contributed to an overall reduction in ecological risk in Zhengning County, with a divisional degree order reduction following the pattern： eastern Zhengning 〉 western Zhengning 〉 central Zhengning. The gravity center for eco-risk shifted 4288 m southwest from 1995 to 2010 due to landscape fragmentation. The study implies that greater attention should be paid to forest and grassland restoration in eastern Zhengning, cropland protection in central Zhengning, and soil and water conservation in western Zhengning.

THE 'HYBRID' TECHNIQUE FOR RISK ANALYSIS OF SOME DISEASES

Based on the data obtained from a survey recently made in Shanghai, this paper presents the hybrid technique for risk analysis and evaluation of some diseases. After determination of main risk factors of these diseases by analysis of variance, the authors introduce a new concept ’Illness Fuzzy Set’ and use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to evaluate the risk of suffering from a disease for residents. Optimal technique is used to determine the weights wi in fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and a new method ’Improved Information Distribution’ is also introduced for the treatment of small sample problem. It is shown that the results obtained by using the hybrid technique are better than by using single fuzzy technique or single statistical method.

Relationship between Framingham risk score and subclinical atherosclerosis in carotid plaques： an in vivo study using multi-contrast MRI

The assessment and management of early-stage atherosclerosis are important for the prevention of cardiovascular disease(CVD).In this study,we used multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) to investigate the carotid plaque feature in asymptomatic,at-risk subjects;we also evaluated the correlation between MRI findings and Framingham risk score(FRS).One hundred sixty-six asymptomatic individuals with risk factors for CVD underwent multi-contrast MRI.After the arterial morphology and plaque components were outlined,the differences in carotid plaque burden among the various risk categories were analyzed.The FRS analysis showed that high-risk individuals had thicker vessel wall and higher plaque lipid content than did low risk participants.A substantial proportion of advanced carotid plaques occurred in low and intermediate-risk groups.Multi-contrast MRI may provide incremental value to the FRS in managing asymptomatic at-risk population.