随着工程建设的日益复杂,EPC(Engineering,Procurement and Construction)总承包模式因其整合设计、采购与施工的优势而得到广泛应用。在EPC工程总承包投标报价过程中,风险费的合理估算与有效规避是影响项目经济效益的关键因素之一。本...随着工程建设的日益复杂,EPC(Engineering,Procurement and Construction)总承包模式因其整合设计、采购与施工的优势而得到广泛应用。在EPC工程总承包投标报价过程中,风险费的合理估算与有效规避是影响项目经济效益的关键因素之一。本文旨在深入分析EPC工程总承包投标报价中的风险费问题,并提出相应的规避策略,以供参考。展开更多
In Denmark, actions to mitigate the risk related to antimicrobial resistance have been put in place continuously. Due to an increase in the consumption of antimicrobials in the Danish pig production further actions we...In Denmark, actions to mitigate the risk related to antimicrobial resistance have been put in place continuously. Due to an increase in the consumption of antimicrobials in the Danish pig production further actions were implemented in July 2010. These were： a voluntary ban on use of cephalosporin in Danish swine herds for a 2-year period and a so-called Yellow Card scheme from the DVFA （Danish Veterinary and Food Administration）. Farmers with the highest use of antibiotics receive a Yellow Card. In 2010, approximately 10% of Danish herds were above the Yellow Card threshold value. The consumption of antimicrobials in pigs is evaluated as ADD （animal daily doses） per 100 animals over the last 9 months （by age group）. Current permit limits for a Yellow Card in ADD/100 animal days are 5.2 （sows and piglets）, 28 （weaners）, and 8 （finishers）. In July 2010, farmers with an antimicrobial use close to these limits were warned by the DVFA, that unless actions were taken to reduce their antimicrobial use, they would receive a Yellow Card in December 2010. The means are, for instance, restrictions on oral medication usage and supervision from the authorities to which most expenses are to be covered by the farmer. The warning resulted in a decrease in the national consumption to pigs of 12.5% during the last half-year of 2010 compared to the same half-year in 2009. This decrease continued into 2011 where the consumption in January-February was 24.5% lower than for January-February 2010.展开更多
Recent studies have shown that the perceived lack of security is a major obstacle to the wider acceptance of e-commerce. To overcome this barrier, businesses need to implement comprehensive consumer protection systems...Recent studies have shown that the perceived lack of security is a major obstacle to the wider acceptance of e-commerce. To overcome this barrier, businesses need to implement comprehensive consumer protection systems that protect consumers during every stage of the purchasing process. This paper used the consumer behaviour model as the basis for analysing risks in Bussiness-to-Consumer (B2C) transactions. Four categories of risks were identified: information, agreement, payment and delivery risk. By combining these risk categories with the three dimensions of management, technology and legislation, a comprehensive B2C consumer protection framework is developed.展开更多
文摘随着工程建设的日益复杂,EPC(Engineering,Procurement and Construction)总承包模式因其整合设计、采购与施工的优势而得到广泛应用。在EPC工程总承包投标报价过程中,风险费的合理估算与有效规避是影响项目经济效益的关键因素之一。本文旨在深入分析EPC工程总承包投标报价中的风险费问题,并提出相应的规避策略,以供参考。
文摘In Denmark, actions to mitigate the risk related to antimicrobial resistance have been put in place continuously. Due to an increase in the consumption of antimicrobials in the Danish pig production further actions were implemented in July 2010. These were： a voluntary ban on use of cephalosporin in Danish swine herds for a 2-year period and a so-called Yellow Card scheme from the DVFA （Danish Veterinary and Food Administration）. Farmers with the highest use of antibiotics receive a Yellow Card. In 2010, approximately 10% of Danish herds were above the Yellow Card threshold value. The consumption of antimicrobials in pigs is evaluated as ADD （animal daily doses） per 100 animals over the last 9 months （by age group）. Current permit limits for a Yellow Card in ADD/100 animal days are 5.2 （sows and piglets）, 28 （weaners）, and 8 （finishers）. In July 2010, farmers with an antimicrobial use close to these limits were warned by the DVFA, that unless actions were taken to reduce their antimicrobial use, they would receive a Yellow Card in December 2010. The means are, for instance, restrictions on oral medication usage and supervision from the authorities to which most expenses are to be covered by the farmer. The warning resulted in a decrease in the national consumption to pigs of 12.5% during the last half-year of 2010 compared to the same half-year in 2009. This decrease continued into 2011 where the consumption in January-February was 24.5% lower than for January-February 2010.
文摘Recent studies have shown that the perceived lack of security is a major obstacle to the wider acceptance of e-commerce. To overcome this barrier, businesses need to implement comprehensive consumer protection systems that protect consumers during every stage of the purchasing process. This paper used the consumer behaviour model as the basis for analysing risks in Bussiness-to-Consumer (B2C) transactions. Four categories of risks were identified: information, agreement, payment and delivery risk. By combining these risk categories with the three dimensions of management, technology and legislation, a comprehensive B2C consumer protection framework is developed.
