Based on data collected by Chinese Civil Aviation Statistic Center, the annual CO2 emissions of aircrafts during 1960-2009 were calculated, and the emission intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The...Based on data collected by Chinese Civil Aviation Statistic Center, the annual CO2 emissions of aircrafts during 1960-2009 were calculated, and the emission intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the total CO2 emissions of aircrafts in China increased from 120×10^3 t in 1960 to 41.44×10^6 t in 2009. The CO2 emission intensity decreased from 2.9 kg （converted t kra）-1 in 1960 to 0.96 kg （converted t km）-1 in 2009 at an average rate of 0.04 kg （converted t km）-I per year. The average share of CO2 emissions of aircrafts on the total CO2 emissions from the sector of transportation, storage and post was 6.6% during 1980-2005, and 0.25% on the total emissions from fossil fuel combustion during 1971-2008.展开更多
Market-based emission trading schemes(ETSs) are widely used in the developed world to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions which are perceived as the source of global climate change. China, as the largest GHG emitter ...Market-based emission trading schemes(ETSs) are widely used in the developed world to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions which are perceived as the source of global climate change. China, as the largest GHG emitter in the world, is committed to introducing an ETS to reduce emissions. Here we reviewed existing ETSs and sustainable energy policies worldwide as well as China's pilot programs. These studies were conducted in order to propose recommendations for national initiatives and strategies to be implemented in China in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation. It has been shown that setting emission caps in the context of a national emission intensity target is difficult. However, implementing reliable systems for measurement, reporting, and verification of emissions are essential. A two-level management system(by central and provincial governments) for carbon trading is beneficial to ensure uniform standards and compliance while maintaining flexibility. Persistent political support from, and effective coordination of, policies by the government are crucial. In addition, strengthening of institutional innovation, and the establishment of a national GHG emissions information system, are of equal importance. This vital information could provide a great opportunity for China to re-define its economic growth and take global leadership in combatting climate change.展开更多
A novel method for estimating the space range of battery-powered vertical take-off and landing(VTOL) aircraft is presented. The method is based on flight parameter optimization and numerical iteration. Subsystem model...A novel method for estimating the space range of battery-powered vertical take-off and landing(VTOL) aircraft is presented. The method is based on flight parameter optimization and numerical iteration. Subsystem models including required thrust, required power and battery discharge models are presented. The problem to be optimized is formulated, and then case study simulation is conducted using the established method for quantitative analysis. Simulation results show that the space range of battery-powered VTOL aircraft in a vertical plane is an oblate curve, which appears horizontally long but vertically short, and the peak point is not located on the vertical climb path. The method and results are confirmed by parameter analysis and validations.展开更多
Nuclear propulsion has been studied for many decades. The power density of nuclear fission is much higher than chemical process, and for missions to outer solar system requiring several hundred of kilowatts, or for fl...Nuclear propulsion has been studied for many decades. The power density of nuclear fission is much higher than chemical process, and for missions to outer solar system requiring several hundred of kilowatts, or for flexible manned missions to Mars requiring several megawatts, nuclear electric propulsion might be the only option offering a reasonable mass in low earth orbit. Despite the existence of low power experiences--SNAP10 in the 60＇s or Buk/Topaz in the 60-80＇s--no high power reactor has been developed： investment cost, long term timeframe, high technological challenges and radioactive hazards are the main challenges we must overtake. However, it seems reasonable to look at the technical challenges that have to be overcome for a next generation of nuclear electric systems for space exploration. This paper will present some recent studies going on in France, on space reactors for exploration. Three classes of power have been considered： 10 kWe, 100 kWe, and several megawatts. Available data from previous studies and developments performed in Russia, USA, and Europe have been collected and gave us a large overview of potential technical solutions. This was the starting point of a trade-off analysis aiming at the selection of the best options, with regards to the technological readiness level in France and Europe. The resulting preliminary designs will be presented and critical technologies needing maturation activities will be highlighted.展开更多
Objective： To investigate the proteornic differences between the high-sensitivity （HS） group and low-sensitivity （LS） group of cervical cancer treated by radiotherapy and confirm the radiotherapy sensitivity asso...Objective： To investigate the proteornic differences between the high-sensitivity （HS） group and low-sensitivity （LS） group of cervical cancer treated by radiotherapy and confirm the radiotherapy sensitivity associated proteins in early cervical cancer. Methods： The fresh carcinoma tissues were collected from 10 untreated cervical cancer patients and preserved in the -80 ℃ refrigeratory. The tissues were classified into two groups： high sensitivity group （HS） and low sensitivity group （LS）, according to their response to radiotherapy. In the first part of our experiment, protein separating was performed by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） with Amersham 18 cm linear pH 3-10 immobilized pH gradient （IPG） strips. The images of the gels were acquired by the scanner and then analyzed by using PD-quest7.3 software to find the differentially expression protein-spots in each group. Then the differentially expressed protein-spots was incised from the gels and digested by trypsin. The peptide mass fingerprintings （PMF） was acquired by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS） and the proteins were identified by data searching in the Mascot-database. Part of differentially expression proteins were assayed by Western Blot. Results： Most of the gels were clear and successfully analyzed by PD-quest7.3 software. Most of the protein-spots concentrated on the area of 20-100Kda （Mw） and pH4-8. The average number of the protein-spots was 754 ± 64 in HS group and 777 ±48个 in LS group. The match rate was 87.6% between two groups. Five high expression proteins were found in HS group which were low expression in LS group, 3 high expression protein were found in LS group which were low expression in HS group. Reselts of Western Blot were in coincidence to proteomic result. Conclusion： The 2-DE gels image of HS group and LS group with early cervical cancer tissues treated by radiotherapy are successfully acquired. Some differentially expression proteins between the two groups are further confirmed by immunohistochemical assay.展开更多
To date, theories of eco-compensation and biological restoration have been popular, and some models in developed countries are treated as good examples. Here, we not only focus on Japan, but also pay more attention to...To date, theories of eco-compensation and biological restoration have been popular, and some models in developed countries are treated as good examples. Here, we not only focus on Japan, but also pay more attention to challenges during this process. Based on a long-term field study on Sado Island, a less developed region in Japan, we attempt to describe how the government carries out environmental remediation towards the reintroduction of ibis （Species name） into the wild, and the conflict between ibis habitat restoration and farm management. We discuss the underlying reasons for this conflict and the negative effect on regional development. We follow policy improvements of the local government and related supplementary help carried out to fix the mismatch between the payment for ecological benefits and that lost by farmers in the pre-period. We conclude that the coordination of interest among different social groups is the key for success in ecological restoration and compensatory measures have to be made to meet the actual needs of the local groups. This case study in Japan can be applied to similar regions with poor environments and urgent environment restoration needs in China.展开更多
基金supported by Climate Change Special Project of China Meteorological Administration (No. CCSF2011-14)
文摘Based on data collected by Chinese Civil Aviation Statistic Center, the annual CO2 emissions of aircrafts during 1960-2009 were calculated, and the emission intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the total CO2 emissions of aircrafts in China increased from 120×10^3 t in 1960 to 41.44×10^6 t in 2009. The CO2 emission intensity decreased from 2.9 kg （converted t kra）-1 in 1960 to 0.96 kg （converted t km）-1 in 2009 at an average rate of 0.04 kg （converted t km）-I per year. The average share of CO2 emissions of aircrafts on the total CO2 emissions from the sector of transportation, storage and post was 6.6% during 1980-2005, and 0.25% on the total emissions from fossil fuel combustion during 1971-2008.
基金Under the auspices of the National Key Research & Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0604700)
文摘Market-based emission trading schemes(ETSs) are widely used in the developed world to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions which are perceived as the source of global climate change. China, as the largest GHG emitter in the world, is committed to introducing an ETS to reduce emissions. Here we reviewed existing ETSs and sustainable energy policies worldwide as well as China's pilot programs. These studies were conducted in order to propose recommendations for national initiatives and strategies to be implemented in China in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation. It has been shown that setting emission caps in the context of a national emission intensity target is difficult. However, implementing reliable systems for measurement, reporting, and verification of emissions are essential. A two-level management system(by central and provincial governments) for carbon trading is beneficial to ensure uniform standards and compliance while maintaining flexibility. Persistent political support from, and effective coordination of, policies by the government are crucial. In addition, strengthening of institutional innovation, and the establishment of a national GHG emissions information system, are of equal importance. This vital information could provide a great opportunity for China to re-define its economic growth and take global leadership in combatting climate change.
文摘A novel method for estimating the space range of battery-powered vertical take-off and landing(VTOL) aircraft is presented. The method is based on flight parameter optimization and numerical iteration. Subsystem models including required thrust, required power and battery discharge models are presented. The problem to be optimized is formulated, and then case study simulation is conducted using the established method for quantitative analysis. Simulation results show that the space range of battery-powered VTOL aircraft in a vertical plane is an oblate curve, which appears horizontally long but vertically short, and the peak point is not located on the vertical climb path. The method and results are confirmed by parameter analysis and validations.
文摘Nuclear propulsion has been studied for many decades. The power density of nuclear fission is much higher than chemical process, and for missions to outer solar system requiring several hundred of kilowatts, or for flexible manned missions to Mars requiring several megawatts, nuclear electric propulsion might be the only option offering a reasonable mass in low earth orbit. Despite the existence of low power experiences--SNAP10 in the 60＇s or Buk/Topaz in the 60-80＇s--no high power reactor has been developed： investment cost, long term timeframe, high technological challenges and radioactive hazards are the main challenges we must overtake. However, it seems reasonable to look at the technical challenges that have to be overcome for a next generation of nuclear electric systems for space exploration. This paper will present some recent studies going on in France, on space reactors for exploration. Three classes of power have been considered： 10 kWe, 100 kWe, and several megawatts. Available data from previous studies and developments performed in Russia, USA, and Europe have been collected and gave us a large overview of potential technical solutions. This was the starting point of a trade-off analysis aiming at the selection of the best options, with regards to the technological readiness level in France and Europe. The resulting preliminary designs will be presented and critical technologies needing maturation activities will be highlighted.
基金Supported by grants from the Hunan Natural Science foundation (No.06JJ4199)the Hunan Science Technology Foundation (No.2007SK3010)
文摘Objective： To investigate the proteornic differences between the high-sensitivity （HS） group and low-sensitivity （LS） group of cervical cancer treated by radiotherapy and confirm the radiotherapy sensitivity associated proteins in early cervical cancer. Methods： The fresh carcinoma tissues were collected from 10 untreated cervical cancer patients and preserved in the -80 ℃ refrigeratory. The tissues were classified into two groups： high sensitivity group （HS） and low sensitivity group （LS）, according to their response to radiotherapy. In the first part of our experiment, protein separating was performed by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） with Amersham 18 cm linear pH 3-10 immobilized pH gradient （IPG） strips. The images of the gels were acquired by the scanner and then analyzed by using PD-quest7.3 software to find the differentially expression protein-spots in each group. Then the differentially expressed protein-spots was incised from the gels and digested by trypsin. The peptide mass fingerprintings （PMF） was acquired by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS） and the proteins were identified by data searching in the Mascot-database. Part of differentially expression proteins were assayed by Western Blot. Results： Most of the gels were clear and successfully analyzed by PD-quest7.3 software. Most of the protein-spots concentrated on the area of 20-100Kda （Mw） and pH4-8. The average number of the protein-spots was 754 ± 64 in HS group and 777 ±48个 in LS group. The match rate was 87.6% between two groups. Five high expression proteins were found in HS group which were low expression in LS group, 3 high expression protein were found in LS group which were low expression in HS group. Reselts of Western Blot were in coincidence to proteomic result. Conclusion： The 2-DE gels image of HS group and LS group with early cervical cancer tissues treated by radiotherapy are successfully acquired. Some differentially expression proteins between the two groups are further confirmed by immunohistochemical assay.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (41101120), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41101150)
文摘To date, theories of eco-compensation and biological restoration have been popular, and some models in developed countries are treated as good examples. Here, we not only focus on Japan, but also pay more attention to challenges during this process. Based on a long-term field study on Sado Island, a less developed region in Japan, we attempt to describe how the government carries out environmental remediation towards the reintroduction of ibis （Species name） into the wild, and the conflict between ibis habitat restoration and farm management. We discuss the underlying reasons for this conflict and the negative effect on regional development. We follow policy improvements of the local government and related supplementary help carried out to fix the mismatch between the payment for ecological benefits and that lost by farmers in the pre-period. We conclude that the coordination of interest among different social groups is the key for success in ecological restoration and compensatory measures have to be made to meet the actual needs of the local groups. This case study in Japan can be applied to similar regions with poor environments and urgent environment restoration needs in China.
