不同春化处理对蚕豆生长及鲜食产量的影响

以‘陵西一寸’蚕豆作为试验材料,设置3个春化温度水平(2℃、6℃、10℃)和3个春化天数水平(8 d、12 d、16 d),并以室温条件作为对照组,研究不同春化处理对蚕豆生长及产量动态变化的影响。结果表明:春化温度对蚕豆幼苗株高、始花期、鲜荚始收期、始花节位和累积产量有显著影响,春化时间显著影响幼苗株高、始花期和累积产量,而春化温度和春化时间的交互作用显著影响蚕豆累积产量。春化温度为6℃和10℃时,幼苗株高随着春化时间增加而增加,始花期、始荚期显著提前。相同春化时间条件下,2℃、10℃处理的蚕豆始花节位较低,但蚕豆结荚与否主要受环境影响。6℃或10℃下春化12 d、10℃下春化16 d蚕豆产量达到高峰的日期分别提前7 d、15 d。6℃和10℃春化温度下,早期产量和总产量随着春化时间的增加而增加,而且6℃下春化12 d处理的早期产量较高、总产量最高,10℃春化12 d处理的蚕豆物候期、生长发育和产量动态变化表现较好,但产量不理想。综合来说,6℃春化12 d的蚕豆早期产量、总产量较高,同时鲜荚产量达到高峰的时间较早,适合作为蚕豆促早栽培的春化处理在上海地区推广。

整枝打顶对不同蚕豆品种鲜食产量及其产量构成因素的影响

为研究不同整枝打顶方式对不同蚕豆品种农艺性状和产量的影响,总结不同品种的最适整枝打顶方式,以‘成胡10号’、‘成胡18’、‘成胡19’和‘成胡25’为材料,对每个蚕豆品种分别设置4种整枝打顶处理方式:全处理、去主茎、去无效枝、打顶,分析不同处理对不同蚕豆品种的农艺性状和各产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,打顶处理可有效控制不同蚕豆品种的株高;‘成胡10号’在打顶处理下的2年平均鲜荚产量较对照增产20.9%,鲜籽粒产量较对照增产25.7%,均显著高于对照;‘成胡19’在去主茎处理下,2年平均鲜荚产量增产61.2%,鲜籽粒产量增产35.5%,均显著高于对照;各整枝打顶处理方式对‘成胡18’的鲜食产量及其构成因素无明显影响;打顶处理对提高鲜食专用型‘成胡25’的百粒重及出籽率有一定促进作用。综上,整枝打顶对蚕豆的增产效应在不同蚕豆品种及不同整枝打顶方式间均有所差异,针对不同专用型品种,可选择性针对某些产量性状而采取适宜的整枝打顶方式,以获得更高的经济效益。

早熟鲜食秋蚕豆主要农艺性状与鲜食产量相关及通径分析

【目的】确定早熟鲜食蚕豆主要农艺性状对鲜食产量性状的直接和间接作用及其决定系数,为鲜食蚕豆品种选育过程中相关优良性状的选择提供理论依据。【方法】以13份早熟鲜食蚕豆的15个主要农艺性状与2个鲜食产量性状进行相关及通径分析。【结果】单株粒数、实荚数、成荚节数、鲜籽粒百粒重、鲜荚宽的变异系数分别为28.57%、19.56%、18.56%、17.51%、17.39%,其可选择性较强,可通过育种、栽培等方式获得较大程度的改善;2个产量因素中变异系数大小顺序为鲜豆米产量>鲜荚产量。相关性及变异性分析结果表明,有效枝数、成荚节数、实荚数、单株粒数与鲜荚产量呈极显著正相关;出米率与鲜豆米产量呈极显著正相关;鲜荚产量、鲜豆米产量间呈显著正相关。通径分析结果表明,有效枝数、实荚数对鲜荚产量的直接作用为正向,且相关系数为极显著正相关,品种选育时,应结合各因素直接、间接作用的重要性,着重2因素的选择;出米率是影响鲜豆米产量的直接因素。【结论】在云南地区早熟鲜食蚕豆的选育过程中,鲜荚产量具有较好的稳定性,应以其为主要育种目标,并以有效枝数、实荚数为主要参考性状,协同成荚节数、单株粒数进行选择;以鲜豆米产量为育种目标时,应在鲜荚产量表现较好的品种中,以出米率为主要性状进行选择。

采收期对糯玉米郑黄糯2号品质和鲜食产量的影响

为确定糯玉米品种郑黄糯2号的夏播适宜采收期,比较了5个不同采收期下郑黄糯2号的品质、酶活性及鲜穗产量。结果表明,采收期对郑黄糯2号籽粒主要营养成分含量和鲜穗产量影响较大。随采收期推迟,粗蛋白、粗淀粉、粗脂肪含量增加,赖氨酸、可溶性糖含量减少;过氧化物酶活性降低,多酚氧化酶活性先降低后升高;鲜穗产量呈现出先增加后下降的趋势,以授粉后24 d(即8月24日)采收鲜穗产量最高(15 492.36 kg/hm2)。兼顾品质、产量双重因素,郑黄糯2号最适宜采收期为授粉后24 d。

基于灰度极限学习机的粮食产量预测

为提高粮食产量预测的准确性,针对我国粮食产量的数据特点,采用灰度和极限学习机相结合的组合预测模型对我国粮食产量进行短期精准预测。首先从原粮食序列中选取适量距离待预测年份较近的产量数据构成子序列,对该序列建立灰度预测模型,并计算模型预测误差。然后对原序列进行归一化处理,进而建立序列的极限学习机预测模型并计算模型的预测误差,以反映序列的长期变化规律。最后,根据2个模型的预测误差得到模型的权重系数,进而由2个模型的预测值组合得到最终的粮食产量。通过应用1949—2013年我国粮食产量数据对该模型进行验证表明,该组合方法能够准确预测3年的粮食产量,预测平均误差约为1.19%,预测精度明显好于灰度模型和极限学习机模型。

玛曲县高寒草地可食牧草产量和养分含量变化及草地承载力分析

为确定甘肃省玛曲县高寒草地牧草生长期产草量及养分含量的动态变化,核定适宜载畜量,将遥感与地面监测和实验室分析相结合,对玛曲县高寒草地牧草生长盛期产草量及分级,可食牧草养分含量及动态变化进行了研究,并以可食牧草产量和粗蛋白(CP)产量为基础,分析评价了不同放牧季高寒草地的承载力。结果表明:6-8月份玛曲县高寒草地可食牧草平均鲜草产量均随牧草生育期延续而升高,且以7月份增幅最大,产量分级走高且趋于分散。可食牧草CP和磷含量随牧草生育期延续而降低,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量增加,粗脂肪和钙含量具有先上升后下降趋势。以8月可食牧草产量和CP产量为基础的冷季草场承载力分别为117.75万个羊单位和105.73万个羊单位,暖季草场承载力分别为258.35万个羊单位和252.00万个羊单位,冷季草场承载力远低于暖季;冷季和暖季草场基于CP产量的载畜量分别较产草量载畜量低12.01万个羊单位和6.35万个羊单位,以CP产量为基础核定草地承载力能更加合理地反映放牧家畜与草地营养供给之间的平衡。

合作市高寒草甸牧草生长期植被盖度、可食牧草产量及养分含量动态分析

为制定合理的高寒草甸保护利用规划,将"3S"技术与地面调查、实验室检测相结合,通过像元二分模型、估产建模和克里金插值等方法,研究摸清甘肃省合作市高寒草甸牧草生长期植被盖度、可食牧草产量及分级,牧草养分含量及动态变化规律。结果表明:2017年6-8月植被盖度及盖度级别,可食牧草平均鲜草产量和总鲜草产量均随生长期延续而增大。6、7、8月植被平均盖度分别为55.79%、72.69%和78.89%,平均鲜草产量分别为1 214.85、4 797.75和5 550.90 kg/hm^2,以7月增幅较大。6月Ⅱ级盖度草地占79.05%,7月Ⅱ级盖度下降52.61%、Ⅰ级盖度占比增加到45.03%,8月Ⅰ级盖度草地占77.34%;鲜草产量从6月的<1 500 kg/hm^2为主,向7月的3 000~4 500 kg/hm2和8月的4 500~6 000 kg/hm^2产量级转变。以8月总鲜草产量为基础的高寒草甸适宜载畜量为20.80万个羊单位。高寒草甸可食牧草CP和P含量随牧草生长期延续而降低,而EE、NDF、ADF和Ca含量增加。单位面积CP、EE、NDF、ADF产量7月最高,分别为165.51、27.77、569.40和246.02 kg/hm^2;Ca产量7-9月变化幅度较小,在0.052~0.059 kg/hm^2之间,P产量8月达最高,为0.024 kg/hm^2。

不同减肥增效施肥模式对鲜食玉米产量的影响

在测土配方施肥推荐氮磷钾施肥量的基础上,调整施肥结构,增施生物有机肥或土壤调理剂,减少氮、磷肥施用量,集成减肥增效施肥模式,最终达到化肥减量增效的目的。结果表明,各处理单产16 381.77～21 923.17 kg/hm^2,处理3单产最高达到21 923.17 kg/hm^2,比处理1(CK)增产3861.66 kg/hm^2,增长21.38%;处理2单产位居第二为19 135.16 kg/hm^2,比处理1(CK)增产1073.65 kg/hm^2,增长5.94%;其他处理均比处理1(CK)减产。建议在鲜食玉米生产上大力推广氮磷钾推荐配方减氮10%、减磷10%和增施生物有机肥的减肥增效施肥模式,示范推广氮磷钾推荐配方、增施生物有机肥的施肥模式。

鲜食木薯品比试验

利用西场1号、沙田面包木薯、华南12号、与对照种华南9号进行品比试验,通过品比试验,沙田面包木薯具有高产量、高淀粉、含氢氰酸低等优势,作为鲜食木薯品种,值得推广种植。

不同播期对鲜食春大豆品种产量和农艺性状的影响

鲜食春大豆是我国重要的粮食作物之一,其品质和产量直接影响到人们的生活。在不同的播期下,种植的大豆可以受到不同的气候条件和生长环境的影响,从而导致产量和农艺性状的差异。因此,研究不同播期对鲜食春大豆品种的影响,有助于优化种植管理措施,提高产量和品质。基于此,以下对不同播期对鲜食春大豆品种产量和农艺性状的影响进行了探讨,以供参考。

Variations of Frost-free Period and Its Impact on Grain Yields in Henan Province during 1961-2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of frost dates to global warming and its influences on grain yields. In this study, based on the frost date series defined by daily minimum ground temperature, the spatial and temporal characteristics of first frost date （FFD）, last frost date （LFD） and frost-free period （FFP） were analyzed. The impact of extending FFP on major crop yields was also studied. The results were as follows： FFD showed a significantly delaying trend of 2.2 d/10 y, and LFD presented an advancing trend of 2.4 d/10 y. FFP extended at a rate of 4.5 d/10 y due to the later FFD and earlier LFD. The most obvious trend of FFD was in westem Henan, while the most significant trend of LFD and FFP oc- curred in south central parts of the study area. However, in eestem region, the trends of FFD, LFD and FFP were not so obvious. Major crop yield showed a sig- nificant correlation with frost-free period for Henan during 1961-2013. The yields of grain, rice, wheat, and maize increased by 79.5, 90.0, 79.5 and 70.5 kg/hm2 with FFP extending by one day.

The Evolution of Drought in China and Its Impact on Agriculture in Recent Years

[Objective] To research the evolution of drought in China and its impact on agriculture in recent years. [Method] We analyzed land area covered, area affected, and disaster rate arising from severe drought occurring in China in the period 1978-2008, in conjunction with the planting area of crops in China and forcing of drought on the planting area of crops. [Result] In recent years, a large portion of provinces and cities in China, especially the southern areas, the drought has not yet been eased, but tends to deteriorate; since 1978, the area affected in China occasioned by drought has been rapidly mounting, and total crop failure area caused by drought, on the whole, also assumes trend of rise. In the mean time, population explosion and economic development are responsible for dwindling of planting area of grain, and tardy rise in total grain yield. [Conclusion] Constructing harmonious valley and achieving concordant coexistence between human and water, is to regulate human behaviors and further strengthen related ecological protection work, on the basis of scientifically understanding and correctly harnessing natural law.

2002年江苏主要农业气象灾害及其影响

20 0 2年江苏省日照略少 ,降水量分布不均 ,淮河以南地区多持续阴雨 ,对夏熟作物危害重 ;淮北北部地区夏秋连旱使稻麦种植面积减少 ;全省台风、暴雨少。夏熟作物生长不断遭遇气象灾害 ,属减产气候年景。水稻全生育期间气象条件利大于弊 ,获得丰收。棉花生育期气象条件有利有弊 ,属于一般气候年型。

Technological Paths for Improving Grain Comprehensive Productivity ——Taking Henan Province for Instance

[Objective] This paper aimed at exploring technological paths for improving grain productivity based on the conditions and production practice in Henan Province.[Method] The status and dynamics of grain production in Henan Province were analyzed as a whole.[Result] The total production of grain in Henan Province had generally shown a tendency of ascent.Total grain production in Henan Province was 54 370 thousand t,which was 2.5 times of the total grain production in 1978,as 20 974 thousand t.The growth of grain production was more and more relying on the improvement of grain yield per unit area.[Conclusion] This research had provided theoretical basis for the improvement of grain production in Henan Province as well as for the grain production of the whole country.

Wheat-Corn Double Cropping Production Status and Balanced Yield-increasing Potential in Henan Province

[Objective] This paper aimed to analyze the production status and balanced yield-increasing technology for wheat-corn double cropping production in Henan Province. [Method] Natural conditions in Henan Province, status and potential of wheat-corn double cropping production were explored, and factors affecting wheat-corn double cropping production capacity were analyzed. [Result] Yield-increasing of grain in Henan Province is achieved mainly depending on the increase of wheat and corn production, and corn has a relatively large yield-increasing potential. Research on high-yield and efficient technology for wheat-corn double cropping production in Henan Province has laid the technical basis for balanced yield-increasing of annual double cropping production. [Conclusion] This study provided a theoretical basis for grain production in Henan Province and a reference for the national food production.

Multivariate Regression Analysis on Correlated Characters about Fresh Pod Yield of Fresh Edible Soybean

Objective] The alm was to survey 10 characters of 8 fresh edibIe soy-bean varieties, analyze maln Ioading factors using principal component analysis, and estabIish muItipIe regression equation on fresh pod yield. [Methods] Through princi-pal component analysis on 10 characters of 8 fresh edibIe soybean varieties, char-acters reIated to fresh pod yield of fresh edibIe soybean were cIarified. [Results] Af-ter the principal components analysis, pod weight per pIant, 100-seed weight and pod number per pIant of fresh edibIe soybean were chosen to study their reIation with the yield of fresh edibIe soybean, moreover, it was demonstrated that the reIa-tion was Iinear reIation, thus it was suitabIe for muItivariate regression analysis. Fi-nal y, the mathematical expression formuIa about fresh pod yield was estabIished. [Conclusions] There were three characters affecting fresh pod yield, nameIy, pod weight per pIant, 100-seed weight and pod number per pIant, the mathematical equation was y=816.732＋4.145X6-0.718X8-0.985X9 （X6： pod weight per pIant; X8： 100-seed weight; X9： pod number per pIant）.

Investigation on Breeding Direction of Grain Crops——Taking Henan Province as an example

[Objective] This paper aimed to investigate the breeding direction of grain crops in Henan Province. [Method] Superior varieties are the basis of grain yield-increase, and a proper breeding direction is essential for breeding of superior varieties. According to the actual situation and production requirements in Henan Province, by using statistical data of grain production, this paper analyzed the current situation and influencing factors of grain production in Henan Province, and summarized the breeding direction of current grain production. [Result] The increase of grain output in Henan Province mainly relies on the increase of grain yield per unit area and is achieved based on the increase of wheat and corn yield. There are several main factors affecting grain production in Henan Province, including the frequent meteorological disasters, low resistance to natural disasters, excessive chemical fertilizer inputs, decreased material conversion efficiency, aggravated pollution of the agricultural surface source, imbalanced quality and the distribution of cultivated land, emphasizing yield traits but neglecting related traits during crop breeding pro- cess, unitary dominant varieties resulting from narrow germplasm resources, and reduced grain-planting population with the migration of rural labor force. On this basis, the grain breeding direction is proposed with high yield, high efficiency, adaptability, stress resistance, specificity and safety, to enhance the grain crop breeding level, breed superior varieties, and realize the intensive use of cultivated land, intensive saving of materials, intensive substitution of labor force, intensive protection of environment and intensive efficiency of technologies by adjusting the breeding direction, thus promoting the sustained and stable development of grain production. [Conclusion] This paper provides basis for the breeding of superior varieties of grain crops and improvement of grain output in Henan Province.

曲麻莱县草畜不平衡现象分析与改进措施

调查表明,2002—2004年曲麻莱县三年平均可食鲜草产量为1 061.55kg/hm2,比1986年下降42.96%;全年理论载畜量为94.36万羊单位,近二十年下降44.20%。以现有牲畜数量计算,全年已超载12.67%;冷季草地超载28.75%,暖季草地达到理论载畜量的91.65%;全县的牲畜总量应控制在100万个羊单位以内。

三江源区高寒草地营养承载力时空格局

草畜平衡管理是草地可持续发展的有效途径之一,而草地承载力的核定是草畜平衡管理的基础和前提。本文基于野外调查和遥感估算方法,分析了三江源区可食牧草和粗蛋白产量的季节变化,并核算了可食牧草和粗蛋白的理论承载力。结果表明:三江源区高寒草地返青期、盛草期和枯草期可食牧草平均产量分别为20.84,89.86和50.27 g·m^(-2);可食牧草承载力分别为1.18,2.21和0.69(标准羊单位·ha^(-1),Sheep unit·ha^(-1),SHU·ha^(-1));平均粗蛋白产量分别为2.63,10.11和1.94 g·m^(-2);在维持基本代谢或45 kg标准羊体重不变情况下,平均粗蛋白理论承载力分别为8.30,4.98,0.89 SHU·ha^(-1),和4.76,2.85,0.51 SHU·ha^(-1)。依据粗蛋白承载力高于可食牧草承载力及东部和东南部向西部和西北部递减的分布格局,建议在东部农牧交错区合理利用天然草地,适度开发耕地,籽实体农业转向营养体农业,实现东部和中部地区资源配置、优势互补的耦合发展模式。