防海胆食害藻礁的设计及实验研究

人工藻礁是进行藻场建设的重要手段,但由于海胆等食藻类生物的摄食,将会影响藻类的生长,从而影响人工藻场的建设效果。为解决人工藻场建设中海胆的食害问题,从礁体自身设计出发,实验设计了8种不同形状的藻礁,选用光棘球海胆和中间球海胆为实验对象,观察比较了不同形状藻礁对海胆攀爬的阻碍效果,实验发现:侧周面为锯齿形或侧周面缠挂多孔柔性材料的礁型可有效阻止海胆攀爬,起到防止海胆摄食礁顶藻类的目的。研究结果为人工藻礁的设计提供了参考依据。

草坪草主要食枝条虫害的发生及其综合防治

草坪草主要食枝条虫害的发生及其综合防治内蒙古呼和浩特试验基地崔鲜一，彭玉梅中国草原学会北京绿洲草业科技开发中心程渡内蒙古图牧吉牧场科研所黎立升，闫美清，李淑娇，李可明草坪的虫害，主要以食枝条、食根部和掘穴破坏草坪地等三种方式来危害。草坪害虫通过咀嚼和...

Quantitative Study on the Relationship between Water Disaster and Grain Production of Hubei Province in the 1990s

The research explored variation coefficient of grains and analyzed the fluctuations of grains in Hubei in the 1990s in order to investigate quantitative cor- relation between grain production and water-related disaster. The conclusion is that the effective irrigated area and growing structure are major factors influencing grain production capacity, whose grey relational degrees were 0.91 and 0.85 with grain production, respectively. These indicated that water-related disasters have significant effects on grain yield in Hubei Province.

Population Dynamic and Biological Characteristics of the Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar （Lepidoptera： Lymantriidae） in West-Siberian Geographic

Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar （L.） is one of the most widespread defoliators of deciduous and larch forests in Kazakhstan. Preferred host plants, flying capacity of females and neonate caterpillars, preferred places for egg laying, major factors of mortality and other characteristics vary considerably between different populations of the pest. According to several year researches on gypsy moth, in Kazakhstan, the main biological characteristics of this pest in the regions were investigated. Results of research showed that gypsy moth exists in central and northern of theses regions. From biological and geographical aspects, gypsy moth which there is in Kazakhstan is close to the same species from Siberia western regions. The pest lays on the different heights of trees trunk. It was found that the number of eggs in each egg mass and egg masses laid by the pest are different. The lack of egg eaters and the over- reproduction of the pest at the natural conditions have resulted in the development of bacterial and viral diseases in the populations of this pest from the regions of Kazakhstan to Siberia west.

Impact of Climatic Change on Agricultural Production and Response Strategies in China

A number of studies indicate that global climate warming has been increasing, especially in recent decades. Climate warming greatly affects global agro-production and food security-- becoming a hotspot of global environmental change. This paper proposes a structural and orientational framework for scientifically addressing climatic change impact on agroroduction. Through literature reviews and comparative studies, the paper systematically summarizes influencing mechanisms and impact of climate warming on such agro-production factors as light, temperature, soil quality and water environment. The impact of climate warm- ing on cultivation regions, cropping systems, crop pests, agro- production capacity, agro-economy and farm management is analyzed. Then, suitable climate-adapting agro-development strategies are put forward for different regions in China. The strategies are carefully selected from a repository of international tested climatic change countermeasures in agriculture at national or district level.

Effects of Different Agroecosystems on Prevalence of Different Species of Pests and Coccinellid Predators

This study was aimed at determining the effects of mixed and single cropping agroecosystems on the prevalence of different species of insect pests and coccinellids. It involved six growing crops： maize Zea mays L., beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. and cowpeas Vignaunguiculata L. Walp in single and mixed stands and sampling throughout the phenology of the crops. Eight insect pest species were recorded on maize grown alone, while thirty seven insect species were endemic on cowpea mono cropped and were of six orders whereas twenty two insect pest species occurred on beans. The predator population was most abundant in the mixed stands of maize and beans （2.33 predators per 30 aphids） as compared to their occurrence in pure stands of cowpeas （0.85 predators per 30 aphids） as there were numerous aphids on beans at pre-flowering phase that supported a higher population level of coccinellids. Also, predator population was at the peak during the tussling stage of maize as they fed on the pollen grains while aphids on cowpeas co-existed mutualistically with black ants that protected them against predation. The genus Cheilomenes spp. was the most ubiquitous predator with a mean of 4.00 individuals per 30 aphids while Hippodamiavariegata was the least abundant predator species with a mean of 0.92 individuals per 30 aphids in all the agroecosystems as the Cheilomenes spp. had a faster discovery rate, range of perception, effective capture efficiency and a shorter handling time of a prey.

Latidens salimalii （Endemic, Endanger Fruit Bat） A Reliable Propagator of Endemic Trees of Southern Western Ghats

Salim Ali＇s fruit bat （Latidens salimalii） is Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. India and is classified as Endangered by IUCN. Latidens is morphologically adapted to play a major role in the propagation of economically important trees： some of them are endemic to southern Western Ghats. This paper describes and documents, the bat＂s ecology, foraging behavior and food selection. The study is based on the dietary details of the discovered populations of L. salimalii in the Agasthiyar hill range and the High Wavy Mountains of southern Western Ghats, India. Seeds. partially eaten fruits and seedlings germinated on the floor of the feeding roosts confirm this bat forage for fruits among relatively tall trees of evergreen forests in an elevation above 900 meter. Mist netting below and above canopy near the fruiting and flowering trees of their foraging area confirmed their interaction with certain endemic tree species. Their species specific dietars＇ preferences immensely help to restore and bring back the natural forest community structures.

Comparing the Impact of a Neonicotinoid and Biorational Agroneem on Herbivorous and Beneficial Arthropods on Cowpea and Tomato

Cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） and tomato （Lycopersicum esculentum L. Karst） are attacked by a wide range of insect pests worldwide. In many cases, pesticides are used to control the pests. In 2010 and 2011, we conducted field experiments to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a biorational （Agroneem~） and conventional pesticide （imidacloprid or thiamethoxam） on insect pests of these crops. In the first year, two varieties of cowpea （Mississippi Silver and Pinkeye Purple Hull） and two of tomato （Mariana and German Johnson） were used; in the second year, the better performing of each group （Mississippi Silver and Mariana） were used for the study. A split-plot design with four replications in Year 1, and a randomized complete block design with six treatment combinations in Year 2. In the first year, both pesticide groups were applied following manufacturer＇s recommendation （10-14 d cycles）; and in the second year, the application of the pesticides was driven by economic thresholds level （ETL） of insect pests. The most prevalent species of insects recorded in both crops were in the families： Chrysomelidae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, Vespidae, Sarcophagidae, Thripidae and Sphingidae. In both years, the diversity of insects on cowpea was greater than on tomato and more insects were observed in the second year compared to the first, despite the absence of significant difference （P 〉 0.05） between varieties in the treated plots. The yield of cowpea and tomato was comparable in all sprayed plots.

怎样解决农药适期施用

农药的适期施用，不仅可以节约农药、降低成本，而且能提高作用效果，减少药物残留，有效控制病虫危害，保证作物的正常生长。在确定施药适期时．应从以下几个方面考虑：

Effect of Colored Sticky Cards on Non-target Insects

Field experiments to evaluate four different colored sticky cards for trapping non-target insects were conducted in an organic maize field in the Heinigou region of China. Yellow, blue, green, and red sticky cards were used to trap insects in the field. The total number of insects species caught was 54, with 3,862 individuals recorded. Over half of the specimens caught were non-target insects, including phytophagous insects, particularly dipteran species(including many mosquitoes)(50.3%), followed by target pests(37.0%), and beneficial insects(12.7%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in attraction to target pests, non-target pests, and beneficial insects among treatment groups. The results showed that higher numbers of target pests(Myzus persicae Sulzer, Empoasca flavescens Fabricius, Nysius ericaecshinly Schilling) were caught on yellow sticky card traps compared with blue, green, or red sticky card traps, indicating that yellow was the best trap color for target pests, with green and blue being progressively less attractive. For non-target insects, including phytophagous insects, flies, and mosquitoes,higher numbers of were caught on blue sticky card traps compared with yellow,green, or red sticky card traps. Our study indicated that blue was the most attractive color for flies, especially for the housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus. Our study also showed that most beneficial insects exhibited preferences to particular trap color characteristics: yellow was the most attractive color for parasitic wasps and lady beetles; blue was the most attractive color for hoverflies and honeybees. In contrast,green and red had no significant attraction to beneficial insects.

Potential Invasion Areas by the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus （Horn） （Coleoptera： Bostrichidae） in Zimbabwe

Prostephanus truncatus （Horn） is a notorious stored grain insect pest established in Tanzania in late 1970s and currently threatening the maize industry of Zimbabwe. The devastating effects of the pest attack, demands adequate preparation including identification of the potential invasion areas for more focused planning towards its effective management. In the current study, the potential P. truncatus invasion areas in Zimbabwe were identified based on climatic data with reference to the Tanzania situation using the geographical information system （GIS） Almanac Characterization Tool （AWhere-ACT 3.5 software）. Areas identified to be at greatest risk of invasion includes the northern part of the country, the southern-east region and a few areas in the east （Manicaland province）. Alternative host plants for P. truncatus similar to those identified in Kenya, where the pest is already endemic, were found to occur throughout Zimbabwe which could support initial colonization and subsequent perpetuation of the pest in the country. In Zimbabwe, chances that P. truncatus may spread throughout the country, should it invade the country, are high because of unregulated grain trade and the fact that most of the potential invasion areas identified in this study, are located in the major maize producing areas. Measures to delay the occurrence of the pest in Zimbabwe should focus on the high-risk areas identified.

How the Red Ring Became the Bronze Horse and the Horse Became the Ring： Tennyson＇s ＂Boaidicea＂

Tennyson＇s poem ＂Boaidicea＂, published in 1864 but at least conceived in 1858, has never been very highly regarded. It is usually omitted from editions of the complete poetical works. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, written in an approximation of Catullan/Callimachan galliambics, it is no easy read. Secondly and more importantly, however, it sits most awkwardly within a huge body of contemporary art -paintings, sculptures, and novels as well as poems which present the （properly） Queen Regent of the Iceni as the spiritual ancestor of Victoria （the Gaelic word boudicca does, after all, men ＂victory＂）. Far from portraying Boadicea （as the name was then commonly spelt from the 18th to themed 20th centuries） as the harbinger of British imperial glory, Tennyson presents her as the half-mad victim of Roman oppression, brutalized by her own experiences into a personal vendetta. I argue that this poem is a riposte to Sir William Thornycroft＇s bronze statue of Boadicea, a symbol of patriotic pride. It was begun at roughly the same time as the poem, both at the behest of Prince Albert; Tennyson would have seen Thornycroft＇s models. In the poem, Tennyson envisions Bo/idicea reducing Colchester and Londonto a red-black stain infested with carrion eaters, and he seems to be asking whether this colour, ironically reflected in the finished statue of the Regent, chariot and horses （she used cavalry and chariots to attack Londinium, after all） is anything like a becoming tribute to Victoria. As for the dating of composition, Tennyson＇s the most likely model for Boaidicea is Lakshmibai, Queen Regent of Jhansi, who, during the Indian Mutiny of late 1857, is reputed to have ordered a massacre of English civilians who were tortured and dismembered in much the same as Boudicca＇s victims. The poem is thus a meditation on the evils inherent in empire building and its effect upon native peoples.

The Impacts of the Imperfect Storm on Northeast lapan

On March 11, 2011, a simply unprecedented set of circumstances occurred in Northeast ]apan. Three disasters struck nearly simultaneously： a 9.0 earthquake, huge tsunami, and nuclear catastrophe. People and places were forever changed. Using a series of vignettes, this paper personalized these numbers through a review of rebuilding efforts, voluntarism, consumer food impacts, and consumer behavior associated with the imperfect storm that destroyed more than 46,000 buildings, killed more than 12,000, and resulted in damages from the tsunami and earthquake alone of between 16 and 25 trillion yen. Possible implications of these results are advanced.

Control of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata （Say）, Using Predator Insects Released by a Mechanical Prototype

The CPB （Colorado potato beetle） is unquestionably the major insect pest of potato crops in North America, Europe, and Asia. The use of chemical insecticides to control this insect pest started in the 1860s. To date, no registered chemical has been capable of effectively managing this agricultural pest. Moreover, the CPB has developed over the years a resistance to most of the registered chemical insecticides. The biological control through manual release of natural enemies of the CPB has been successful at small scale. However, hand release of these predators at large scale is not realistic. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of controlling the CPB through mechanical release of predator insects under real conditions in a potato field. Obtained results indicate that the mechanical release of predator insects resulted in a better control of the CPB populations and egg masses than the manual release. The success of this mechanical release of predator insects in potato fields will be highly valuable for the biological control of insect pests in many other row crops such as strawberry, lettuce, etc..

Naturally occurring Trichogramma species in olive farms in Egypt

A survey of two-year studies (2001—2003) was carried out in two olive grovessited at two representative olive growing areas, namely Paradise Park (arid area) and Burg El-Arabfarm (semi-arid area) to monitor the frequency of endemic Trichogramma species on olive moth (Praysoleae) and jasmine moth (Palpita unionalis). The suspended host bait traps were found to be a morepractical and effective tool for collecting Trichogramma wasps than the attached ones. Fournaturally occurring Trichogramma species were collected for the first time in Egypt from the olivegroves, where releases have never been conducted. T. bourarachae was collected exclusively from BurgEl-Arab farm. It seems that this wasp species adapts well to the semi-arid area. Three species,namely T. cordubensis, T. nr. pretiosum and T. cacociae were isolated from Paradise Park farm. Allof these wasps were also bred from naturally parasitized host eggs during favorable and even atunfavorable temperature conditions of June-August. However, these endemic species did not occurnaturally in sufficient numbers to keep the pest populations from reaching damaging levels. Theexcessive usage of insecticides and the oophagous predators (e.g., ants and lacewing larvae) aresome factors that affect the performance of Trichogramma wasps in olive farms. The presence of warmweather wasp strains suggests the existence of well-adapted wasp species or strains which may beappropriate candidates for the control of target pests in olive groves. Additional study is requiredto determine the best 'habitat-specific' species/ strains of Trichogramma for augmentative releaseof naturally occurring wasps and to incorporate them into integrated pest management programs.Efforts should be made to conserve these endemic species from oophagous predators, hot weather andinsecticides. The olive and jasmine moth-larvae and pupae found under tree canopies were bred andemerged parasitoids were listed.